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Translation01:31

Translation

133.6K
Lesson: Translation
Translation is the process of synthesizing proteins from the genetic information carried by messenger RNA (mRNA). Following transcription, it constitutes the final step in the expression of genes. This process is carried out by ribosomes, complexes of protein and specialized RNA molecules. Ribosomes, transfer RNA (tRNA), and other proteins produce a chain of amino acids—the polypeptide—as the end product of translation.
Translation Produces the Building Blocks of...
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Retroviruses02:33

Retroviruses

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Retroviruses and retrotransposons both insert copies of their genetic elements into the genome of the host cell. Thus, the viral genes are passed on when the host genome is replicated or translated. A typical retroviral DNA sequence contains 3-4 genes that encode the different proteins required for its structural assembly and function as a molecular parasite. This DNA is transcribed into a single mRNA, which is very similar in structure to conventional mRNAs, i.e., it is capped at the 5’...
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Leaky Scanning02:28

Leaky Scanning

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During most eukaryotic translation processes, the small 40S ribosome subunit scans an mRNA from its 5' end until it encounters the first start AUG codon. The large 60S ribosomal subunit then joins the smaller one to initiate protein synthesis. The location of the translation initiation is largely determined by the nucleotides near the start codon as there may be multiple translation initiation sites present on the mRNA.  Marilyn Kozak discovered that the sequence RCCAUGG (where R...
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Translation01:31

Translation

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Translation is the process of synthesizing proteins from the genetic information carried by messenger RNA (mRNA). Following transcription, it constitutes the final step in the expression of genes. This process is carried out by ribosomes, complexes of protein and specialized RNA molecules. Ribosomes, transfer RNA (tRNA), and other proteins produce a chain of amino acids—the polypeptide—as the end product of translation.
Translation Produces the Building Blocks of Life
Proteins are...
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Size and Structure of Viral Genomes01:26

Size and Structure of Viral Genomes

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Viral genomes exhibit remarkable diversity in size, structure, and composition, influencing their replication strategies and interactions with host cells. These genomes consist of either DNA or RNA and may be linear or circular. Additionally, they can be single-stranded or double-stranded, with each configuration affecting how the virus propagates within a host. RNA viruses, for instance, generally have smaller genomes than DNA viruses, a factor that contributes to their high mutation rates and...
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Viruses with RNA Genomes01:29

Viruses with RNA Genomes

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RNA viruses are categorized into positive-strand, negative-strand, or double-stranded groups based on their genomic structure and replication mechanisms. This classification dictates how they exploit host cellular machinery for protein synthesis and replication. Some RNA viruses also utilize reverse transcription as part of their life cycle, further diversifying their replication strategies.Positive-Strand RNA VirusesPositive-strand RNA viruses have genomes that function directly as messenger...
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Interview: HIV-1 Proviral DNA Excision Using an Evolved Recombinase
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Interview: HIV-1 Proviral DNA Excision Using an Evolved Recombinase

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病原体はRhoのルールを書き換える.

Richard D Hayward1, Vassilis Koronakis

  • 1University of Cambridge, Department of Pathology, Cambridge CB2 1QP, UK.

Cell
|January 18, 2006
PubMed
まとめ
この要約は機械生成です。

バクテリアの病原体は,III型分泌システムを用いて毒性タンパク質を放出する. これらのエフェクターの新しいファミリーは,宿主GTPasesを模倣して,哺乳類の細胞の信号伝達経路を刺激します.

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Amplification of Near Full-length HIV-1 Proviruses for Next-Generation Sequencing
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Reverse Genetics to Engineer Positive-Sense RNA Virus Variants
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科学分野:

  • 微生物学 微生物学とは
  • 細胞生物学 細胞生物学
  • 分子生物学は分子生物学である.

背景:

  • 細菌の病原体は,第3型分泌システム (T3SS) を用いて,受容体細胞にエフェクタタンパク質を注入する.
  • これらのエフェクターは,細菌の毒性および宿主-病原体相互作用において極めて重要です.

研究 の 目的:

  • T3SS.によって提供される新しい細菌エフェクタータンパク質を特定し,特徴づけること.
  • これらのエフェクターが宿主細胞の信号伝達を操作するメカニズムを解明する.

主な方法:

  • 保存されたモチーフのためのバクテリアのエフェクタータンパク質配列の分析.
  • ホストのシグナル伝達経路の活性化を評価するために,哺乳類の細胞での機能研究.

主要な成果:

  • 保存されたWxxxE配列モチーフによって定義される新しいT3SSエフェクターファミリーの発見.
  • これらのWxxxEエフェクターがホスト信号伝達経路を直接活性化することを実証.
  • これらのエフェクターが活性化されたRas型GTPasesを模倣して機能する証拠.

結論:

  • WxxxEエフェクターファミリーは,細菌の毒性因子の新しいクラスを表しています.
  • これらのエフェクターは,宿主GTPaseのシグナル伝達機構を利用して病原体から利益を得ます.
  • これらの効果因子を理解することで,宿主-病原体のコミュニケーションとシグナル伝達規制の洞察が得られます.