人間とチンパンジーの苦い味に対する敏感性の独立した進化
Stephen Wooding1, Bernd Bufe, Christina Grassi
1Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah, 15 North 2030 East, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112-5330, USA. swooding@genetics.utah.edu
Nature
|April 14, 2006
まとめ
人間とチンパンジーは,TAS2R38受容体変異体の独立した進化により,苦い化合物フェニルチオカルバミド (PTC) に対して異なる感受性を示す. 味覚におけるこの遺伝的多様性は,それぞれの種で個別に発生した.
科学分野:
- 進化生物学の進化生物学について
- 遺伝学 遺伝学とは
- 感覚科学とは,感覚に関する科学です.
背景:
- 人間とチンパンジーにおけるフェニルチオカルバミド (PTC) に対する味覚の変異性に対する感受性は,以前は,共有されたバランスのとれた多形性 (shared balanced polymorphism) に起因していた.
- 人間のPTCの味の多様性は,主にTAS2R38の場所にある2つの共通のアレルと関連しており,異なる苦い受容体変異をコードしています.
研究 の 目的:
- チンパンジーにおけるPTC味覚感受性の変動の遺伝的根拠を調査する.
- PTCの味の変動を支える分子メカニズムが人間とチンパンジーの間で共有されているかどうかを判断する.
主な方法:
- チンパンジーのTAS2R38ロクスのゲノタイプ化.
- チンパンジーのTAS2R38受容体変異のインビトロ機能分析.
- チンパンジーにおける TAS2R38 遺伝子型と in vivo PTC 試食者の相関テスト.
主要な成果:
- チンパンジーはPTCの感受性を制御する2つの一般的なTAS2R38アレルを持っていますが,これらのアレルは人間に見られるものとは異なります.
- チンパンジーのTAS2R38遺伝子の特定の突然変異により,PTCに反応しない断縮受容体変種が生じる.
- チンパンジーのTAS2R38遺伝子型は,PTC試食者の状態を正確に予測し,味覚におけるその役割を確認しています.
結論:
- PTCの味の変動の分子基盤は,人間とチンパンジーにおいて独立して進化した.
- 類人猿におけるPTC味の多様性に対する共通の遺伝的根拠に関する以前の仮定は,誤っていた.
- 収束進化は,異なる種の異なるTAS2R38アレルによって媒介される変数苦い味の知覚の類似した現象を説明します.
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