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Crossing Over01:34

Crossing Over

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Unlike mitosis, meiosis aims for genetic diversity in its creation of haploid gametes. Dividing germ cells first begin this process in prophase I, where each chromosome—replicated in S phase—is now composed of two sister chromatids (identical copies) joined centrally.
The homologous pairs of sister chromosomes—one from the maternal and one from the paternal genome—then begin to align alongside each other lengthwise, matching corresponding DNA positions in a process...
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Karyotyping01:17

Karyotyping

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Overview
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Fertilization01:38

Fertilization

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During fertilization, an egg and sperm cell fuse to create a new diploid structure. In humans, the process occurs once the egg has been released from the ovary, and travels into the fallopian tubes. The process requires several key steps: 1) sperm present in the genital tract must locate the egg; 2) once there, sperm need to release enzymes to help them burrow through the protective zona pellucida of the egg; and 3) the membranes of a single sperm cell and egg must fuse, with the sperm...
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Inheritance of Chromatin Structures03:17

Inheritance of Chromatin Structures

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Epigenetics is the study of inherited changes in a cell's phenotype without changing the DNA sequences. It provides a form of memory for the differential gene expression pattern to maintain cell lineage, position-effect variegation, dosage compensation, and maintenance of chromatin structures such as telomeres and centromeres. For example, the structure and location of the centromere on chromosomes are epigenetically inherited. Its functionality is not dictated or ensured by the underlying...
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X and Y Chromosomes02:32

X and Y Chromosomes

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Among mammals, the gender of an organism is determined by the sex chromosomes. Humans have two sex chromosomes, X and Y. Every human diploid cell has 22 pairs of autosomes and one pair of sex chromosomes. A human female has two X chromosomes, while a male has one X chromosome and one Y chromosome.
The germline cells such as egg and sperm cells carry only half the number of chromosomes, i.e., 22 autosomes and one sex chromosome. All eggs have an X chromosome, while sperm cells can carry an X or...
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Duplication of Chromatin Structure02:05

Duplication of Chromatin Structure

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The process of chromosome duplication during cell division requires genome-wide disruption and re-assembly of chromatin. The chromatin structure must be accurately inherited, reassembled, and maintained in the daughter cells to ensure lineage propagation.
The basic unit of the chromatin is the nucleosome, consisting of DNA wrapped around octameric histone proteins and short stretches of linker DNA separating individual nucleosomes. The histone proteins within the nucleosome have their...
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Preparation of Drosophila Polytene Chromosome Squashes for Antibody Labeling
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双価クロマチンの構造は,胚性幹細胞の重要な発達遺伝子を標識する.

Bradley E Bernstein1, Tarjei S Mikkelsen, Xiaohui Xie

  • 1Molecular Pathology Unit and Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA. bbernstein@partners.org

Cell
|April 25, 2006
PubMed
まとめ

哺乳類における高度に保存された非コーディング要素 (HCNEs) は,発達期に近い遺伝子である. 研究者らは,胚性幹細胞におけるヒストンメチレーションの"二価ドメイン"を発見し,これらの遺伝子を活性化する準備ができている.

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Visualizing Zygotic Genome Activation In Single Cells of Early Embryos
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科学分野:

  • ゲノミクスゲノミクスとは
  • エピジェネティクス エピジェネティクス
  • 発達生物学 発達生物学について

背景:

  • 高度保存された非コーディング要素 (HCNEs) は,発達に重要な遺伝子の近くに頻繁に位置しています.
  • これらのHCNEが豊富な地域には,開発プロセスを制御する重要な規制要素があると考えられています.

研究 の 目的:

  • マウスの胚性幹細胞 (ES) のHCNEに富んだ領域の表遺伝的景観を調査する.
  • これらの調節領域とその関連遺伝子に関連した特定のヒストン改変パターンを特定する.

主な方法:

  • ネズミのES細胞における56の大きなHCNEに富んだ局所におけるヒストンメチル化パターン (H3K27meとH3K4me) の分析.
  • メチル化パターンと,近くの転写因子 (TF) 遺伝子の発現の相関.

主要な成果:

  • ES細胞におけるH3K4メチレーションを含むH3K27メチレーションによって特徴づけられる"二価ドメイン"の特定.
  • バイバルドメインは,開発的に重要な転写因子遺伝子の低レベルでの発現で主に発見されました.
  • ES細胞では,DNA配列とヒストンのメチル化との強い相関が観察され,分化時に減少しました.

結論:

  • バイバルドメインは,ES細胞の発達遺伝子を静止し,迅速な活性化のための平衡状態を維持する機能を持つ可能性があります.
  • DNA配列は,これらの領域の初期表遺伝子状態を確立する上で重要な役割を果たします.
  • 多能性を維持するための新しい染色素ベースのメカニズムが提案されており,DNA配列と表遺伝的改変の相互作用が含まれています.