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Molecular and Ionic Solids02:54

Molecular and Ionic Solids

Crystalline solids are divided into four types: molecular, ionic, metallic, and covalent network based on the type of constituent units and their interparticle interactions.
Molecular Solids
Molecular crystalline solids, such as ice, sucrose (table sugar), and iodine, are solids that are composed of neutral molecules as their constituent units. These molecules are held together by weak intermolecular forces such as London dispersion forces, dipole-dipole interactions, or hydrogen bonds, which...
Crystal Field Theory - Octahedral Complexes02:58

Crystal Field Theory - Octahedral Complexes

Crystal Field Theory
To explain the observed behavior of transition metal complexes (such as colors), a model involving electrostatic interactions between the electrons from the ligands and the electrons in the unhybridized d orbitals of the central metal atom has been developed. This electrostatic model is crystal field theory (CFT). It helps to understand, interpret, and predict the colors, magnetic behavior, and some structures of coordination compounds of transition metals.
CFT focuses on...
Photoluminescence: Applications01:14

Photoluminescence: Applications

Photoluminescence offers a wide range of applications due to its inherent sensitivity and selectivity. This technique allows for both direct and indirect analyses of the analyte. Direct quantitative analysis is possible when the analyte exhibits a favorable quantum yield for fluorescence or phosphorescence. However, an indirect analysis may be feasible if the analyte is not fluorescent or phosphorescent, or if the quantum yield is unfavorable. Indirect methods include reacting the analyte with...
Determination of Crystal Structures01:29

Determination of Crystal Structures

In the late 1800s, the revelation that light extended beyond visible wavelengths led to the discovery of X-rays by Wilhelm Roentgen. Recognized as high-energy electromagnetic radiation with short wavelengths, X-rays prompted exploration into their interaction with crystals. Max von Laue proposed in 1912 that the periodic arrangement of atoms, ions, or molecules in crystals would cause them to diffract X-rays, a hypothesis confirmed through experiments with copper sulfate and zinc sulfide...
Imperfections in Crystal Structure: Point, Line and Plane Defects01:25

Imperfections in Crystal Structure: Point, Line and Plane Defects

A perfect crystal, in theory, has a uniform structure with the same unit cell and lattice points throughout. However, any deviation from this periodic arrangement is known as an imperfection or defect. These defects can be categorized into three types: point, line, and plane defects.Point defects occur when there is a deviation from the ideal due to missing atoms, displaced atoms, or additional atoms. These imperfections might occur due to imperfect packing during crystallization or because of...
Imperfections in Crystal Structure: Stoichiometric Point Defects01:26

Imperfections in Crystal Structure: Stoichiometric Point Defects

Schottky defects arise when some lattice points in a crystal, such as those in NaCl, remain unoccupied, creating lattice vacancies without disturbing the overall electrical neutrality of the crystal. This defect is common in ionic crystals where the positive and negative ions are similar in size, as seen in sodium chloride and cesium chloride. The presence of Schottky defects enables the crystal to conduct electricity to a small extent through an ionic mechanism. Electric fields cause nearby...

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関連する実験動画

Updated: Jun 25, 2026

Comprehensive Characterization of Extended Defects in Semiconductor Materials by a Scanning Electron Microscope
11:14

Comprehensive Characterization of Extended Defects in Semiconductor Materials by a Scanning Electron Microscope

Published on: May 28, 2016

鉛結晶による鉛の曝露.

J H Graziano1, C Blum

  • 1Department of Pharmacology, Columbia University College of Physicians & Surgeons, New York, NY 10032.

Lancet (London, England)
|January 19, 1991
PubMed
まとめ
この要約は機械生成です。

鉛 (Pb) は,クリスタル・デカンターやグラスから飲み物に浸出する. ポートワインを4ヶ月間貯蔵すると,Pb濃度が大幅に上昇し,長期貯蔵するとさらに高い濃度を示した. これは,結晶器具からの鉛汚染のリスクの可能性を強調しています.

さらに関連する動画

Enhanced Electron Injection and Exciton Confinement for Pure Blue Quantum-Dot Light-Emitting Diodes by Introducing Partially Oxidized Aluminum Cathode
10:41

Enhanced Electron Injection and Exciton Confinement for Pure Blue Quantum-Dot Light-Emitting Diodes by Introducing Partially Oxidized Aluminum Cathode

Published on: May 31, 2018

Novel Techniques for Observing Structural Dynamics of Photoresponsive Liquid Crystals
10:35

Novel Techniques for Observing Structural Dynamics of Photoresponsive Liquid Crystals

Published on: May 29, 2018

関連する実験動画

Last Updated: Jun 25, 2026

Comprehensive Characterization of Extended Defects in Semiconductor Materials by a Scanning Electron Microscope
11:14

Comprehensive Characterization of Extended Defects in Semiconductor Materials by a Scanning Electron Microscope

Published on: May 28, 2016

Enhanced Electron Injection and Exciton Confinement for Pure Blue Quantum-Dot Light-Emitting Diodes by Introducing Partially Oxidized Aluminum Cathode
10:41

Enhanced Electron Injection and Exciton Confinement for Pure Blue Quantum-Dot Light-Emitting Diodes by Introducing Partially Oxidized Aluminum Cathode

Published on: May 31, 2018

Novel Techniques for Observing Structural Dynamics of Photoresponsive Liquid Crystals
10:35

Novel Techniques for Observing Structural Dynamics of Photoresponsive Liquid Crystals

Published on: May 29, 2018

科学分野:

  • 環境科学 環境科学
  • 毒理学 毒理学 毒理学
  • マテリアルサイエンス 材料科学

背景:

  • 鉛酸化物でよく作られるクリスタルウェアは,一般的に飲料の提供と保存に使用されます.
  • 鉛 (Pb) が結晶から貯蔵された液体に浸出する可能性は,公衆衛生上の懸念事項です.

研究 の 目的:

  • クリスタル・デカンターとグラスからアルコール飲料への鉛 (Pb) の溶解の程度と速度を調査する.
  • 結晶器具の短期および長期貯蔵による鉛 (Pb) の汚染レベルを定量化するために.

主な方法:

  • ポートワインは4ヶ月間,クリスタル・デカンターに保存され,定期的に鉛 (Pb) 濃度測定が行われました.
  • ワインとスピリッツは,クリスタル・デカンターで長期保存した後の鉛 (Pb) 含有量について分析されました.
  • ホワイトワインは,鉛 (Pb) 溶解の即時性を評価するために,短期間,クリスタルグラスに晒された.

主要な成果:

  • ポートワインの鉛 (Pb) 濃度は,クリスタル・デカンターで4ヶ月後に89μg/lから3518μg/lに増加した.
  • クリスタル・デカンターに長期保存されたワインやスピリッツは,鉛 (Pb) の濃度が最大21.530μg/lに達した.
  • 白ワインをクリスタルグラスに短期間曝露すると,数分以内に測定可能な鉛 (Pb) 溶解が生じました.

結論:

  • クリスタル・デカンターやグラスは,かなりの量の鉛 (Pb) を,時間とともに飲料に浸出させることができます.
  • 結晶器に保存されたまたは提供された飲料を消費することによって,鉛 (Pb) に曝露するリスクは相当です.
  • 鉛 (Pb) の汚染を防ぐために,飲料の保存および配給のために鉛結晶の使用を最小限に抑えるのが推奨されます.