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関連する概念動画

Masonry Paving01:21

Masonry Paving

631
The construction of masonry paving involves using materials such as bricks, stones, and concrete masonry units. These materials are chosen for their shape, color, strength, and resistance to abrasion and weathering. Masonry units can be installed dry on a thin layer of sand and a gravel base, or they can be embedded in mortar or asphalt on a concrete slab. For areas subjected to heavy vehicular loads, a rigid base layer of reinforced or unreinforced concrete is recommended. In contrast,...
631
Segregation in Fresh Concrete01:16

Segregation in Fresh Concrete

1.3K
Segregation in fresh concrete is a phenomenon where the components of the concrete mix separate, leading to uneven distribution and compromised structural integrity. This separation typically occurs when concrete is subjected to excessive horizontal movement within forms, or when it is dropped from considerable heights or forced through narrow, winding paths. As a result, heavier coarse aggregate particles settle at the bottom, while lighter, finer materials such as cement and water rise to the...
1.3K
Curing Methods01:26

Curing Methods

411
Concrete members with a small surface-to-volume ratio are cured by oiling and moistening the forms before casting the concrete member. These forms can be left in place for a prolonged period to prevent moisture loss, and can be wetted if made of a material suitable for wetting. If the forms are removed early, the concrete member is moistened and covered with polythene sheets to maintain moisture. For large horizontal concrete surfaces exposed to dry weather, a temporary covering is suspended...
411
Design Example: Joints in Concrete Pavements01:28

Design Example: Joints in Concrete Pavements

774
Concrete pavement joints are essential for maintaining the structural integrity and longevity of pavement by controlling where and how the pavement cracks. These joints can be categorized based on their functions, such as contraction or control joints, construction joints, isolation joints, and expansion joints.
Contraction joints are typically formed by sawing a groove into the concrete shortly after it has hardened. This creates a weakened vertical plane, deliberately encouraging cracking at...
774
Design Example: Design of an Irrigation Channel01:27

Design Example: Design of an Irrigation Channel

1.3K
Trapezoidal channels are widely used in irrigation systems due to their cost-effectiveness and efficiency in conveying water. Trapezoidal channels feature a flat bottom and sloping sides, making them stable and easier to construct compared to other shapes. The bottom width and side slope ratio are determined based on the required flow capacity and site conditions. The side slope is kept gentle for unlined channels to prevent soil erosion.Hydraulic parameters in channel design include the flow...
1.3K
Field Procedure for Staking Out Curves01:26

Field Procedure for Staking Out Curves

617
Staking out curves is an essential process in construction to ensure the accurate alignment of structures along a curved path. This task involves positioning stakes at calculated locations corresponding to the curve's design, effectively translating plans into physical markers in the field. The process begins by determining the geometric parameters of the curve, including the radius, central angle, and tangent distances. These parameters are critical for identifying key points such as the...
617

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Updated: May 1, 2026

Vegetated Treatment Systems for Removing Contaminants Associated with Surface Water Toxicity in Agriculture and Urban Runoff
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特許の茂みの中を通る道を開く

Chris Holman1

  • 1University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Law, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA. holmancm@umkc.edu

Cell
|May 23, 2006
PubMed
まとめ
この要約は機械生成です。

特許は,基本的な発見や研究ツールへのアクセスを制限することによって,科学的イノベーションを妨げることができます. これらの課題に対処し,研究進歩を促進するために,法的および政策的な解決策が存在します.

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One-Step Approach to Fabricating Polydimethylsiloxane Microfluidic Channels of Different Geometric Sections by Sequential Wet Etching Processes
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Evaluating the Effect of Roadside Parking on a Dual-Direction Urban Street
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Evaluating the Effect of Roadside Parking on a Dual-Direction Urban Street

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Last Updated: May 1, 2026

Vegetated Treatment Systems for Removing Contaminants Associated with Surface Water Toxicity in Agriculture and Urban Runoff
08:49

Vegetated Treatment Systems for Removing Contaminants Associated with Surface Water Toxicity in Agriculture and Urban Runoff

Published on: May 15, 2017

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One-Step Approach to Fabricating Polydimethylsiloxane Microfluidic Channels of Different Geometric Sections by Sequential Wet Etching Processes
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One-Step Approach to Fabricating Polydimethylsiloxane Microfluidic Channels of Different Geometric Sections by Sequential Wet Etching Processes

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科学分野:

  • 知的財産権法 知的財産権法
  • バイオテクノロジー法 バイオテクノロジー法
  • 科学革新政策 科学革新政策

背景:

  • 特許は,イノベーションを奨励することを目的としていますが,時には科学的進歩を妨げることができます.
  • 基本的な科学的発見や研究ツールへのアクセスを制限することは,大きな課題となっています.
  • 基礎研究成果の特許化は,イノベーションへの影響を慎重に検討する必要があります.

研究 の 目的:

  • 特許と科学革新の複雑な関係を分析する.
  • 根本的な発見や研究ツールの特許がイノベーションを阻害する要因を特定する.
  • 特許が基礎研究に及ぼす負の影響を軽減するための法律と政策戦略を探求する.

主な方法:

  • 特許法とイノベーション政策に関する文献レビュー.
  • 基本的な科学的発見の特許に関するケーススタディの分析.
  • 研究ツールへのアクセスを扱う法的・政策的枠組みの検討.

主要な成果:

  • 特許は,特に基礎的な科学的知識へのアクセスを制限する場合,普遍的にイノベーションを促進するものではありません.
  • 基本的な発見や研究ツールへのアクセスの障壁は,さらなる科学的調査と開発を妨げることができます.
  • 既存の法律および政策メカニズムは,これらの特許関連の課題に対する潜在的な解決策を提供します.

結論:

  • 根本的な発見の特許化基準の見直しは極めて重要です.
  • 研究ツールの明確なライセンスフレームワークの実施は,イノベーションを促すことができます.
  • 特許権と開かれた科学的進歩の必要性とのバランスを取るために,政策的介入が必要である.