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関連する概念動画

The Stanford Prison Experiment03:20

The Stanford Prison Experiment

The famous and controversial Stanford Prison Experiment, conducted by social psychologist Philip Zimbardo and his colleagues at Stanford University, demonstrated the power of social roles, social norms, and scripts.
Milgram's Obedience to Authority02:20

Milgram's Obedience to Authority

Obedience to authority is classically demonstrated in a more famous series of social psychology experiments performed by Stanley Milgram. He was a social psychology professor at Yale who was influenced by the trial of Adolf Eichmann, a Nazi war criminal. Eichmann’s defense for the atrocities he committed was that he was “just following orders.”
Social Exchange Theory02:06

Social Exchange Theory

We have discussed why we form relationships, what attracts us to others, and different types of love. But what determines whether we are satisfied with and stay in a relationship? One theory that provides an explanation is social exchange theory. According to social exchange theory, we act as naïve economists in keeping a tally of the ratio of costs and benefits of forming and maintaining a relationship with others (Rusbult & Van Lange, 2003).
Punishment01:27

Punishment

Negative reinforcement and punishment are often confused but serve distinct functions in behavior modification. Reinforcement, whether positive or negative, increases the likelihood of a desired behavior, while punishment decreases it.
Punishment can be positive or negative. Positive punishment involves adding an undesirable stimulus, such as scolding, to decrease a behavior. Negative punishment involves removing a desirable stimulus, such as taking away a favorite toy, to decrease behavior.
Timing and Consequences on Behavior01:08

Timing and Consequences on Behavior

In operant conditioning, the timing of reinforcement is crucial. For animals like rats and cats, immediate reinforcement (within a few seconds) is much more effective than delayed reinforcement. For example, a food reward for a rat needs to follow within 30 seconds of pressing a bar to be effective. 
Humans, however, can respond to delayed reinforcers. We often make decisions between immediate small rewards and delayed larger rewards. This ability to delay gratification is a significant factor...
Social Exchange Theory01:26

Social Exchange Theory

As formulated by John Thibaut and Harold Kelley, Social Exchange Theory explains human relationships as economic-like exchanges that maximize rewards and minimize costs. This theory suggests that individuals engage in relationships to gain benefits and reduce burdens, similar to economic transactions. It has been widely applied to various types of relationships, including romantic, professional, and social interactions.Rewards and Costs in RelationshipsRelationship rewards include emotional...

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Updated: Jul 8, 2026

Measuring Delay Discounting in Humans Using an Adjusting Amount Task
07:47

Measuring Delay Discounting in Humans Using an Adjusting Amount Task

Published on: January 9, 2016

人間社会全体で高額な罰が科される.

Joseph Henrich1, Richard McElreath, Abigail Barr

  • 1Department of Anthropology, Emory University, 1557 Dickey Drive, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA. jhenric@emory.edu

Science (New York, N.Y.)
|June 24, 2006
PubMed
まとめ

ヒトは多様な集団にわたって高価な刑罰を施し,利他主義と遺伝子文化共同進化に関連した行動を示します. この不平等を罰する意志は,人間の協力性と社会性を理解する上で重要な要素である.

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科学分野:

  • 進化心理学の心理学について
  • 行動経済学は,行動経済学である.
  • 異文化研究とは異文化研究です.

背景:

  • 人間間の協力は,社会性の基礎である.
  • 費用のかかる罰は,一発のやり取りでも,重要な心理的要素として提案されています.
  • 以前の研究は工業社会に限られ,種全体にわたる一般化を妨げていた.

研究 の 目的:

  • 人間の行動における高価な刑罰の普遍性を調査する.
  • 費用のかかる刑罰における異文化間の多様性を調べる.
  • 費用のかかる罰と利他的な行動の関係を探求する.

主な方法:

  • 世界中の15の多様な集団で行動実験を実施しました.
  • 不平等な行動に反応して高価な罰を与えるための参加者の意思を測定した.
  • 費用のかかる罰と集団全体における利他的な行動の共変性を分析した.

主要な成果:

  • テストされたすべての集団は,不平等が増大する状況に直面した際,高額な罰を与える意思を示した.
  • 費用のかかる刑罰の大きさの有意な変動は,異なる集団で観察されました.
  • 高額な刑罰は,世界中で利他的な行動とポジティブな共変数を示した.

結論:

  • 高額な罰は,産業社会に限らず,広範に広がる人間の行動です.
  • 罰の大きさの観察された異文化間の変動は,協力理論の中で説明する必要があります.
  • 発見は,ヒトの利他主義と協力の遺伝子文化共同進化モデルを支持しています.