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Crossing Over01:34

Crossing Over

128.4K
Unlike mitosis, meiosis aims for genetic diversity in its creation of haploid gametes. Dividing germ cells first begin this process in prophase I, where each chromosome—replicated in S phase—is now composed of two sister chromatids (identical copies) joined centrally.
The homologous pairs of sister chromosomes—one from the maternal and one from the paternal genome—then begin to align alongside each other lengthwise, matching corresponding DNA positions in a process...
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Olfaction01:25

Olfaction

40.4K
The sense of smell is achieved through the activities of the olfactory system. It starts when an airborne odorant enters the nasal cavity and reaches olfactory epithelium (OE). The OE is protected by a thin layer of mucus, which also serves the purpose of dissolving more complex compounds into simpler chemical odorants. The size of the OE and the density of sensory neurons varies among species; in humans, the OE is only about 9-10 cm2.
The olfactory receptors are embedded in the cilia of the...
40.4K
Exon Recombination02:32

Exon Recombination

3.1K
The evolution of new genes is critical for speciation. Exon recombination, also known as exon shuffling or domain shuffling, is an important means of new gene formation. It is observed across vertebrates, invertebrates, and in some plants such as potatoes and sunflowers. During exon recombination, exons from the same or different genes recombine and produce new exon-intron combinations, which might evolve into new genes. 
Exon shuffling follows “splice frame rules.” Each exon...
3.1K
Crossing Over01:30

Crossing Over

6.3K
Crossing over is the exchange of genetic information between homologous chromosomes during prophase I of meiosis I. Genetic recombination gives rise to allelic diversity in the newly formed daughter cells. In humans, crossing over produces genetically distinct haploid egg and sperm cells that undergo fertilization to produce unique offspring. Before cell division starts, the germ cell’s chromosome(s) undergo duplication in the S phase of the cell cycle. As the cells enter prophase I,...
6.3K
Olfactory Receptors: Location and Structure01:03

Olfactory Receptors: Location and Structure

10.4K
The process of olfaction, also known as the sense of smell, is a sophisticated chemical response system. The specialized sensory neurons that facilitate this process, known as olfactory receptor neurons, are situated in an upper segment of the nasal cavity, known as the olfactory epithelium. Olfactory sensory neurons are bipolar, with their dendrites extending from the epithelium's apex into the mucus that lines the nasal cavity. Airborne molecules, when inhaled, traverse the olfactory...
10.4K
Physiology of Smell and Olfactory Pathway01:20

Physiology of Smell and Olfactory Pathway

13.1K
Humans detect odors with the help of specialized cells located in the upper part of the nasal cavity, called olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs). ORNs possess hair-like structures called cilia, which are receptive to sensations from the inhaled air. When an odorant molecule binds to a specific receptor on the cell of the cilia, it leads to a series of events that ultimately cause the ORN to send electrical signals to the olfactory bulb in the brain through the olfactory nerves.
The olfactory...
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関連する実験動画

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High-throughput Analysis of Mammalian Olfactory Receptors: Measurement of Receptor Activation via Luciferase Activity
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High-throughput Analysis of Mammalian Olfactory Receptors: Measurement of Receptor Activation via Luciferase Activity

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染色体間相互作用と嗅覚受容体の選択

Stavros Lomvardas1, Gilad Barnea, David J Pisapia

  • 1Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA.

Cell
|July 29, 2006
PubMed
まとめ

染色体14にある単一の強化要素 (H) は,嗅覚受容体 (OR) 遺伝子プロモーターと関連しています. この増強剤は,感覚ニューロンの1つのOR遺伝子のみのストキャスティック活性化を制御する可能性があります.

科学分野:

  • 嗅覚系生物学 嗅覚系生物学
  • 遺伝学とゲノミクス
  • 遺伝子調節の分子メカニズム

背景:

  • 個々の感覚神経細胞における嗅覚受容体 (OR) 遺伝子発現は,嗅覚システムの組織と機能にとって極めて重要です.
  • ORsは大きな遺伝子ファミリーを形成し,通常,ニューロンごとに1つのOR遺伝子しか発現しません.
  • 単一のOR遺伝子発現を制御する規制メカニズムを理解することは,嗅覚の研究の鍵です.

研究 の 目的:

  • 嗅覚受容体の遺伝子発現の調節における強化成分の役割を調査する.
  • 特定の強化元素 (H) がOR遺伝子プロモーターとどのように相互作用するかを決定する.
  • 嗅覚感覚ニューロンにおける表現のための単一のOR遺伝子の選択を制御するメカニズムを解明する.

主な方法:

  • 染色体構成捕捉 (3C) は,強化要素とOR遺伝子プロモーターの相互作用を特定するために使用されました.
  • DNAとRNAの光 in situ ハイブリダイゼーション (FISH) を用いて,エンハンサーとプロモーターの相互作用の物理的関連と転写状態を視覚化しました.
  • トランスジェニックマウスモデルは,OR発現に対する追加の強化要素の影響を研究するために作成されました.

主要な成果:

  • 染色体14のH増強要素は,異なる染色体にあるOR遺伝子プロモーターと特異的に結合することが示されました.

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関連する実験動画

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Real-time In Vitro Monitoring of Odorant Receptor Activation by an Odorant in the Vapor Phase

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  • FISHの実験では,H増強因子のコロカライゼーションが,単一の活発に転写されたORアレルと感覚神経細胞のコロカライゼーションを確認した.
  • 余分なH元素を持つトランスジェニックマウスは,通常OR偽遺伝子を発現するニューロンにおける第2の機能受容体の発現を示した.

    • 結論:

    • 単一のトランス作用強化元素 (H) は,複数のOR遺伝子プロモーターとの特定の関連を媒介することができます.
    • H増強剤は,嗅覚感覚ニューロンにおける単一のORアレルのストキャスティック活性化において重要な役割を果たします.
    • これらの発見は,単一の強化剤が嗅覚受容体遺伝子選択を調節するモデルを提案しています.