皮質の発達中に発現するRNA遺伝子は,ヒトでは急速に進化した
Katherine S Pollard1, Sofie R Salama, Nelle Lambert
1Center for Biomolecular Science & Engineering, Department of Molecular, Cell & Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, California 95064, USA.
Nature
|August 18, 2006
まとめ
研究者らは,ヒトの脳の発達に不可欠な新しいRNA遺伝子HAR1Fを特定しました. 妊娠初期にカジャル・レッツィウスニューロンに含まれるこの遺伝子は,人間の皮質構造の形成に不可欠です.
科学分野:
- 神経科学は神経科学である.
- 進化生物学の進化生物学について
- 遺伝学 遺伝学とは
背景:
- 人間特有の脳進化のメカニズムは十分に理解されていない.
- チンパンジーとの比較ゲノミクスは,遺伝的および現象的変化の洞察を提供します.
- 人間のゲノムにおける進化の加速は,急速な変化の領域を強調しています.
研究 の 目的:
- 人間の脳の進化に寄与する新しい遺伝的要素を特定し,特徴づけること.
- 皮質の発達におけるヒト加速領域 (HARs) の役割を調査する.
主な方法:
- 進化加速の領域をランク付けするための全ゲノム分析.
- 新しいRNA遺伝子 (HAR1F) としてHAR1領域の識別と特徴付け.
- 発達中のヒト新皮質におけるHAR1F発現パターンの分析.
主要な成果:
- 最も加速した領域であるHAR1は,HAR1Fという新しいRNA遺伝子に対応しています.
- HAR1Fは,ヒト新皮質の重要な発達期 (7~19週間の妊娠期) のCajal-Retziusニューロンに特異的に発現する.
- HAR1Fは,皮質層形成の重要な要因であるリーリンと共発現します.
結論:
- HAR1Fは,ヒト特有の脳の特徴に大きく貢献しています.
- HAR1Fは,皮質ニューロンの特異化と移行において重要な役割を果たします.
- HAR1Fを含むHARは,人間独特の生物学を理解するための有望な候補である.
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関連する概念動画
01:10Transcription
Overview
Transcription is the process of synthesizing RNA from a DNA sequence by RNA polymerase. It is the first step in producing a protein from a gene sequence. Additionally, many other proteins and regulatory sequences are involved in the proper synthesis of messenger RNA (mRNA). Regulation of transcription is responsible for the differentiation of all the different types of cells and often for the proper cellular response to environmental signals.
Transcription Can Produce Different Kinds...
Transcription is the process of synthesizing RNA from a DNA sequence by RNA polymerase. It is the first step in producing a protein from a gene sequence. Additionally, many other proteins and regulatory sequences are involved in the proper synthesis of messenger RNA (mRNA). Regulation of transcription is responsible for the differentiation of all the different types of cells and often for the proper cellular response to environmental signals.
Transcription Can Produce Different Kinds...
02:01pre-mRNA Processing
In eukaryotic cells, transcripts made by RNA polymerase are modified and processed before exiting the nucleus. Unprocessed RNA is called precursor mRNA or pre-mRNA to distinguish it from mature mRNA.
Once about 20-40 ribonucleotides have been joined together by RNA polymerase, a group of enzymes adds a “cap” to the 5’ end of the growing transcript. In this process, a 5’ phosphate is replaced by modified guanosine that has a methyl group attached to it (7-Methyl guanosine). This 5’ cap helps the...
Once about 20-40 ribonucleotides have been joined together by RNA polymerase, a group of enzymes adds a “cap” to the 5’ end of the growing transcript. In this process, a 5’ phosphate is replaced by modified guanosine that has a methyl group attached to it (7-Methyl guanosine). This 5’ cap helps the...
02:05Gene Evolution - Fast or Slow?
The genomes of eukaryotes are punctuated by long stretches of sequence which do not code for proteins or RNAs. Although some of these regions do contain crucial regulatory sequences, the vast majority of this DNA serves no known function. Typically, these regions of the genome are the ones in which the fastest change, in evolutionary terms, is observed, because there is typically little to no selection pressure acting on these regions to preserve their sequences.
In contrast, regions which code...
In contrast, regions which code...
02:05Gene Evolution - Fast or Slow?
The genomes of eukaryotes are punctuated by long stretches of sequence which do not code for proteins or RNAs. Although some of these regions do contain crucial regulatory sequences, the vast majority of this DNA serves no known function. Typically, these regions of the genome are the ones in which the fastest change, in evolutionary terms, is observed, because there is typically little to no selection pressure acting on these regions to preserve their sequences.
In contrast, regions which code...
In contrast, regions which code...
01:17Transcription
Transcription is the synthesis of RNA from a DNA sequence by RNA polymerase. It is the first step in producing a protein from a gene sequence. Additionally, many other proteins and regulatory sequences are involved in correctly synthesizing messenger RNA (mRNA). Transcriptional regulation is responsible for the differentiation of different types of cells and often for the proper cellular response to environmental signals.
Transcription Can Produce Different Kinds of RNA Molecules
In eukaryotes,...
Transcription Can Produce Different Kinds of RNA Molecules
In eukaryotes,...
01:35Pre-mRNA Processing: Modification of pre-mRNA Ends
In eukaryotic cells, transcripts made by RNA polymerase are modified and processed before exiting the nucleus. Unprocessed RNA is called precursor mRNA or pre-mRNA to distinguish it from mature mRNA.
Once about 20-40 ribonucleotides have been joined together by RNA polymerase, a group of enzymes adds a cap to the 5' end of the growing transcript. In this process, a 5' phosphate is replaced by modified guanosine that has a methyl group attached (7-methyl guanosine). This 5' cap helps the cell...
Once about 20-40 ribonucleotides have been joined together by RNA polymerase, a group of enzymes adds a cap to the 5' end of the growing transcript. In this process, a 5' phosphate is replaced by modified guanosine that has a methyl group attached (7-methyl guanosine). This 5' cap helps the cell...