開発途上国の子どもたちの最初の5年間の発達の可能性
Sally Grantham-McGregor1, Yin Bun Cheung, Santiago Cueto
1Centre for International Child Health, Institute of Child Health, University College London, UK. s.mcgregor@ich.ucl.ac.uk
Lancet (London, England)
|January 9, 2007
まとめ
発展途上国の2億人以上の幼い子どもは,貧困や栄養失調のために発達上のリスクに直面しています. これらの問題に対処することは,世代間の貧困サイクルを防ぐために極めて重要です.
科学分野:
- グローバル・チャイルド・デベロップメント
- 発達小児科 発達小児科
- 貧困と健康について
背景:
- 開発途上国の5歳未満の子どもは,開発に影響を与える多くのリスクに直面しています.
- これらの地域における幼児の発達に関するデータは限られている.
- 幼児期の発育不全と絶対的貧困は,発達障害の重要な指標である.
研究 の 目的:
- 5歳未満の児童の発達の可能性に達していない子どもの数を推定する.
- 子どもの発達障害の地理的なホットスポットを特定する.
- 早期の不利な状況と世代間の貧困との関係を強調する.
主な方法:
- 幼児期の発育不全の流行に関する世界的なデータを活用した.
- 絶対的貧困状態で暮らす人の数に関する統合データ.
- これらの指標を認知能力と教育能力と関連付けました.
主要な成果:
- 幼児期の育児障害と貧困は,認知能力と教育能力の低下と密接に関連しています.
- 5歳未満の2億人の子どもが,発達の可能性を十分に発揮できていないと推定されています.
- これらの子どもたちの大半は南アジアやサハラ以南のアフリカに住んでいます.
結論:
- 子どもの発達障害と貧困は,発達の可能性が満たされていないことの重要な指標です.
- 恵まれない子どもたちは,低学歴や低所得など,長期的な影響に直面します.
- 世代間の貧困のサイクルを破るために,早期の介入は不可欠です.
関連する概念動画
Language Development
Children master language quickly and with relative ease, supported by both biological predisposition and reinforcement. B. F. Skinner (1957) proposed that language is learned through reinforcement, while Noam Chomsky (1965) argued that language acquisition mechanisms are biologically determined.
The critical period for language acquisition suggests that the ability to acquire language is at its peak early in life. As people age, this proficiency decreases. Language development begins very...
The critical period for language acquisition suggests that the ability to acquire language is at its peak early in life. As people age, this proficiency decreases. Language development begins very...
Introduction to Developmental Psychology
Developmental psychology explores the changes and continuities in human abilities throughout life, encompassing physical, cognitive, linguistic, and social dimensions. Human development is not restricted to growth, but includes aspects of decline, particularly in physical abilities as individuals age. Developmental psychologists seek to understand how people change as they age and how their mental and social skills evolve.Developmental MilestonesA key concept in developmental psychology is...
Three Developmental Domains
Human development is typically examined across three main domains: physical, cognitive, and socio-emotional. These domains represent the significant areas of change and continuity throughout the lifespan, from infancy to late adulthood.
Physical Development
Physical processes, also known as maturation, encompass the biological changes that occur across an individual's life. These changes begin with genetic inheritance and continue through various stages, including growth in height and weight,...
Physical Development
Physical processes, also known as maturation, encompass the biological changes that occur across an individual's life. These changes begin with genetic inheritance and continue through various stages, including growth in height and weight,...
Socioemotional Development during Infancy
Socio-emotional development in infancy is primarily shaped by early emotional responses and social connections, with temperament playing a central role. Temperament refers to the consistent patterns in an individual's emotional and behavioral responses, observable even in infancy. By examining temperament, researchers can better understand an infant's unique ways of interacting with the world, influencing subsequent personality and socio-emotional growth.
Primary Temperament Types
Stella Chess...
Primary Temperament Types
Stella Chess...
Socioemotional Experience and Gender Development
Social-emotional experiences and cultural influences play significant roles in shaping gender development. During middle childhood, from ages 6 to 11, peer groups become dominant in reinforcing gender norms. Children in this age group often align with same-gender peer groups, which actively encourage behaviors that conform to traditional gender roles. For instance, boys may be discouraged from engaging in activities perceived as feminine, reinforcing culturally dictated norms about masculinity...
Relationship with Other Adult Family Members and Siblings
Other adult family members and siblings play a crucial role in shaping children’s social and emotional development. While parents or primary caregivers are often the central figures in early attachment and socialization, other adults in a child’s life, such as grandparents, aunts, and uncles, can significantly influence developmental outcomes. These influences depend on each adult’s personality and may help compensate when a primary caregiver is emotionally distant or inconsistent. For...


