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Phase Transitions: Melting and Freezing02:39

Phase Transitions: Melting and Freezing

Heating a crystalline solid increases the average energy of its atoms, molecules, or ions, and the solid gets hotter. At some point, the added energy becomes large enough to partially overcome the forces holding the molecules or ions of the solid in their fixed positions, and the solid begins the process of transitioning to the liquid state or melting. At this point, the temperature of the solid stops rising, despite the continual input of heat, and it remains constant until all of the solid is...
Mass Spectrum01:23

Mass Spectrum

A mass spectrum is the graphical representation of the relative abundance of the charged fragments in an analyte plotted against their mass-to-charge ratio (m/z). The plot's x-axis represents the ratio of the mass of the charged fragment to the number of charges it carries. The y axis of the plot represents the relative abundance of each charged species. The relative abundance is calculated from the signal intensity of each charged species recorded at the detector. The most intense signal (the...
Mass Spectrometry: Molecular Fragmentation Overview01:20

Mass Spectrometry: Molecular Fragmentation Overview

The ionization of a molecule into a molecular ion inside the mass spectrometer causes instability in the molecule's structure due to the loss of an electron. This eventually leads to the fragmentation or breaking of some bonds in the molecule. The fragmentation occurs predominantly at specific bonds to yield relatively stable fragments.
One type of fragmentation pattern is the cleavage of a single bond in the molecular ion. The cleavage leads to a radical and a cation. The cleavage can occur at...
Mass Spectrometry: Long-Chain Alkane Fragmentation01:18

Mass Spectrometry: Long-Chain Alkane Fragmentation

The molecular ions of linear alkanes prefer to fragment at the carbon-carbon bond away from the end of the chain since the cleavage of an inner bond creates a stable carbocation and a stable radical. Consequently, the mass signals of linear alkanes feature intense peaks in the middle of the mass-to-charge ratio plot with weaker peaks on either end. The fragmentation of each carbon-carbon bond with the release of a methyl group in each splitting leads to prominent peaks in the mass spectra...
¹³C NMR: ¹H–¹³C Decoupling01:04

¹³C NMR: ¹H–¹³C Decoupling

The probability of having two carbon-13 atoms next to each other is negligible because of the low natural abundance of carbon-13. Consequently, peak splitting due to carbon-carbon spin-spin coupling is not observed in spectra. However, protons up to three sigma bonds away split the carbon signal according to the n+1 rule, resulting in complicated spectra.
A broadband decoupling technique is used to simplify these complex, sometimes overlapping, signals. Broadband decoupling relies on a...
Drug Dissolution: Requirements and Profile Comparison01:14

Drug Dissolution: Requirements and Profile Comparison

The acceptance criteria for dissolution profile data are anchored in Q values, representing the percentage of drug dissolved within a specified period. This assessment unfolds in three stages:First Stage: The test passes if all six drug dosage units are equal to or greater than Q plus 5%; otherwise, the sample proceeds to the second stage.Second Stage: The average of twelve units must be equal to or greater than Q, with no unit falling below Q - 15% to pass; if not, it progresses to the final...

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長期分解中の窒素放出パターンの世界規模の類似点

William Parton1, Whendee L Silver, Ingrid C Burke

  • 1Natural Resource Ecology Laboratory, Colorado State University, 200 West Lake, Campus Mail 1499, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1499, USA.

Science (New York, N.Y.)
|January 20, 2007
PubMed
まとめ

腐敗するゴミからの窒素の放出は,主に初期窒素含量と,多様な生態系における残りの質量によって制御されます. 根は線形的に窒素を放出しますが,高紫外線による乾燥した草原では例外があります.

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科学分野:

  • エコロジー エコロジー エコロジー
  • バイオジオケミストリー バイオジオケミストリー
  • 土壌科学は,土壌科学である.

背景:

  • ゴミの分解は栄養素の循環に不可欠であり,陸上の生態系に不可欠な鉱物窒素 (N) を供給しています.
  • 窒素の放出パターンを理解することは,生態系の生産性と土壌の肥沃性を予測する鍵です.

研究 の 目的:

  • さまざまなバイオームでゴミの分解中に排出される純窒素の主要な要因を調査する.
  • 異なる生態系タイプの窒素ダイナミクスに影響を与える要因を特定する.

主な方法:

  • 7つのバイオームをカバーする21のサイトで10年間の分解実験が行われました.
  • 葉の落とし物と根の分解をモニタリングし,窒素の放出と残留質量を測定しました.

主要な成果:

  • 葉のゴミから排出される純窒素は,主に,気候や土壌条件に関係なく,初期組織窒素濃度と残留質量によって決定された.
  • 高紫外線放射線下にある乾燥した草原は例外を示し,窒素の放出は初期窒素含有量に対して無感であった.
  • 根は,分解と最小限の純窒素不動化を伴う線形窒素放出を示した.

結論:

  • 分解中の純窒素放出のグローバルスケールのパターンは予測可能であり,分解器の生理学によって制約されています.
  • 最初のゴミの質と環境要因は,陸上の生態系における窒素の利用可能性に大きな影響を与えます.