関連する実験動画
知識の生産におけるチームによる支配の増大
Stefan Wuchty1, Benjamin F Jones, Brian Uzzi
1Northwestern Institute on Complexity (NICO), Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.
まとめ
研究におけるチームワークは急増しており,共同作業の努力は,現在,各学問分野および特許において,非常に引用され,影響力のある知識を生産する単独の著者を上回っています. この傾向は,科学的発見とイノベーションの根本的な変化を意味しています.
科学分野:
- 科学,工学,社会科学,芸術,人文,特許開発を含む多様な分野をカバーしています.
背景:
- ソロの著作は,歴史的に知識の生産を支配してきた.
- 共同研究への大きなシフトは,過去50年にわたって観察されています.
研究 の 目的:
- 知識生産の景観の変化を分析する.
- 単独対チーム研究の出力と影響を比較する.
- 様々な学問分野と特許出願のトレンドを調査する.
主な方法:
- 50年に及ぶ1990万件の研究論文を分析した.
- 210万件の特許の審査を行いました.
- ソロ・ワークとチーム・ワークの引用率とインパクトメトリックの定量比較.
主要な成果:
- チームベースの研究は,知識の生産において,ますます単独の著者を支配している.
- 共同研究により,より頻繁に引用された研究成果が得られ,この優位性は時間とともに増大する.
- チームは,以前は個人が支配していた分野でも,非常に大きな影響を与える研究を現在行っています.
- これらの傾向は,科学,工学,社会科学,芸術,人文,特許の分野において一貫しています.
結論:
- 知識創造のパラダイムは,コラボレーションに根本的にシフトしています.
- チームワークは,科学の進歩とイノベーションの重要な原動力となっています.
- 将来の研究開発は,おそらくこの共同作業の軌道を継続するでしょう.
関連する概念動画
Production Efficiency
Net production efficiency (NPE) is the efficiency at which organisms assimilate energy into biomass for the next trophic level. Due to low metabolic rates and less energy spent on thermoregulatory processes, the NPE of ectotherms (cold-blooded animals) is 10 times higher than endotherms (warm-blooded animals).
Social Loafing
Another way in which a group presence can affect performance is social loafing—the exertion of less effort by a person working together with a group. Social loafing occurs when our individual performance cannot be evaluated separately from the group. Thus, group performance declines on easy tasks (Karau & Williams, 1993). Essentially individual group members loaf and let other group members pick up the slack. Because each individual’s efforts cannot be evaluated, individuals become less...
Impact of Individuals on a Group
In social psychology, the interplay between individuals and groups is a central concern, particularly regarding how individual actions and characteristics influence group processes and outcomes. While much research emphasizes the group's power in shaping individual behavior, it is equally significant to understand how individuals contribute to the functioning, development, and success of groups.Individual Roles in Group Productivity and Decision-MakingIndividuals are not passive participants in...
Production of Formed Elements
Hemangioblasts are multipotent stem cells originating from the mesoderm. They give rise to hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), which undergo hematopoiesis to produce all the formed elements of blood. This process is regulated by a complex network of hematopoietic growth factors, including transcription factors, growth factors, and cytokines. These factors stimulate the HSCs to divide and differentiate, though some HSCs remain undifferentiated to maintain a self-renewing pool.
Most HSCs commit to...
Most HSCs commit to...
Social Facilitation
Not all intergroup interactions lead to negative outcomes. Sometimes, being in a group situation can improve performance. Social facilitation occurs when an individual performs better when an audience is watching than when the individual performs the behavior alone. This typically occurs when people are performing a task for which they are skilled.
Impact of Groups on Groups
Social psychologists analyze how groups influence one another, shaping social structures and interactions through both cooperation and competition. These dynamics manifest in various ways, ranging from economic partnerships to intergroup conflicts that shape societal structures and perceptions.Cooperation and Competition in Intergroup RelationsIntergroup relationships vary across contexts, sometimes fostering cooperation and mutual benefit while at other times leading to conflict and...