迷信:偏見の問題であり,検出能力ではない

P R Killeen¹

¹Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA.

Science (New York, N.Y.)

|January 6, 1978

まとめ

鳩は,自分の行動によって変化する刺激と,変化しない刺激を区別することができる. これらの変化に対応する意思決定プロセスは,人間の信号検出行動を反映しています.

科学分野:

動物の認知能力動物の認知能力
行動神経科学は,行動神経科学である.
比較心理学とは比較心理学である.

背景:

動物がどのように情報を処理し,意思決定をするかを理解することは,認知科学にとって極めて重要です.
行動限定刺激と独立刺激の区別は,適応行動の基本的な側面である.

研究の目的:

鳩の行動に左右される刺激の変化と,独立して発生する刺激の変化を区別する能力を調査する.
信号検出のタスクにおける鳩のパフォーマンスを,人間の観察者と比較する.

主な方法:

鳩は,刺激の変化に反応することを要求するタスクで訓練されました.
刺激の変化は,鳩のキック反応に依存するか,または独立して発生した.
正解と不正解の返済は,応答バイアスを評価するために操作されました.

主要な成果:

鳩は,行動に依存する刺激の変化と,独立する刺激の変化を正確に区別した.
鳩は,関連する刺激を特定する上で正確なパフォーマンスを示しました.
報酬構造の変動は,人間の信号検出パターンに似た鳩の反応バイアスに影響を与えました.

結論:

鳩は,自己発生した環境変化と外部環境変化を区別する洗練された認知能力を発揮しています.
発見は,種間の信号検出と意思決定の保存されたメカニズムを示唆しています.
Pigeonモデルは,知覚と行動の基本的な原理についての貴重な洞察を提供します.

さらに関連する動画

07:34

Perceptual and Category Processing of the Uncanny Valley Hypothesis' Dimension of Human Likeness: Some Methodological Issues

Published on: June 3, 2013

08:25

Measuring Attentional Biases for Threat in Children and Adults

Published on: October 19, 2014

関連する概念動画

01:29

Magical Thinking

Magical thinking encompasses the belief in assumptions that defy logical reasoning yet appear intuitively convincing. It is a common psychological phenomenon that persists across various cultural and individual contexts. While these assumptions contradict empirical evidence and scientific laws, they often serve meaningful psychological roles in promoting emotional resilience and a sense of control, especially under stress or uncertainty.Thought-Action Fusion and the Law of SimilarityA key...

01:22

Bias

Bias refers to any tendency that prevents a question from being considered unprejudiced. In research, bias occurs when one outcome or answer is selected or encouraged over others in sampling or testing. Bias can occur during any research phase, including study design, data collection, analysis, and publication.
In statistics, a sampling bias is created when a sample is collected from a population, and some members of the population are not as likely to be chosen as others (remember, each member...

01:53

Cause and Effect

While variables are sometimes correlated because one does cause the other, it could also be that some other factor, a confounding variable, is actually causing the systematic movement in our variables of interest. For instance, as sales in ice cream increase, so does the overall rate of crime. Is it possible that indulging in your favorite flavor of ice cream could send you on a crime spree? Or, after committing crime do you think you might decide to treat yourself to a cone?

01:31

Confirmation Biases

The confirmation bias is the tendency to focus on information that confirms our existing beliefs and ignore information that is inconsistent with our expectations. For example, if you think that your professor is not very nice, you notice all of the instances of rude behavior exhibited by the professor while ignoring the countless pleasant interactions he is involved in on a daily basis. Have you ever fallen prey to the confirmation bias, either as the source or target of such bias?

01:14

Fundamental Attribution Error

According to some social psychologists, people tend to overemphasize internal factors as explanations—or attributions—for the behavior of other people. They tend to assume that the behavior of another person is a trait of that person, and to underestimate the power of the situation on the behavior of others. They tend to fail to recognize when the behavior of another is due to situational variables, and thus to the person’s state. This erroneous assumption is called the fundamental attribution...

01:25

Motivational Bias

Cognitive bias results from limitations in thinking and information processing, leading to systematic errors in judgment. Conversely, motivational bias stems from personal desires or emotions, causing distortions in perception to align with self-interest. Motivational bias influences how individuals perceive and attribute causes to events, often shaped by personal needs, goals, and self-esteem preservation. This bias can distort judgment, leading to inaccurate assessments of success, failure,...

関連する実験動画