自由から強制:高価な刑罰の出現

Christoph Hauert¹, Arne Traulsen, Hannelore Brandt

¹Program for Evolutionary Dynamics, Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Department of Mathematics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.

Science (New York, N.Y.)

|June 30, 2007

まとめ

グループ活動から脱却する自由は,逆説的に協力を促進します. 個人が棄権することを許すことは,社会規範の確立と脱落者の処罰を可能にし,合同企業での協力を促進します.

科学分野:

社会科学社会科学とは
行動経済学は,行動経済学である.
ゲーム理論はゲーム理論である.

背景:

人間社会における協力的行動は,しばしば脱走者を罰する機関によって維持される.
実験によると,公共財のゲームでは,個人が個人的な犠牲を払っても,脱走者を罰します.
理論的なモデルは,非協力的行動を罰する社会的規範の安定性を確認しています.

研究の目的:

費用のかかる刑罰の行動が,どのようにして集団の中で出現し,確立されるかを調査する.
協力の進化のためのメカニズムとしての棄権の役割を探求する.
ボランティア参加と強制参加が協力と規範の施行に与える影響を分析する.

主な方法:

協力行動の出現をシミュレートするための理論モデルが開発されました.
このモデルは,個人が脇に立ち,共同事業を控えるという選択肢を組み込んでいた.
分析は,罰を規定する社会規範が確立される条件に焦点を当てた.

主要な成果:

合同企業に参入しないという選択肢は,協同行動の出現を容易にする.
離脱の自由は,逆説的に,社会的規範の強制につながります.
合同企業への強制的な参加は,自発的な企業と比較して,協力を促進する可能性が低い.

結論:

個人が共同事業に参加しないことを許すことは,協同組合の規範を確立する上で重要な要素です.
オプトアウトの選択肢を持つ自発的な参加は,高価な罰と協力の進化を促進します.
協力を強制する機関は,個々の離脱を認める場合に,より効果的になる可能性があります.

さらに関連する動画

06:11

A Conflict Model of Reward-seeking Behavior in Male Rats

Published on: February 20, 2019

07:05

Operant Protocols for Assessing the Cost-benefit Analysis During Reinforced Decision Making by Rodents

Published on: September 10, 2018

関連する概念動画

03:20

The Stanford Prison Experiment

The famous and controversial Stanford Prison Experiment, conducted by social psychologist Philip Zimbardo and his colleagues at Stanford University, demonstrated the power of social roles, social norms, and scripts.

01:27

Punishment

Negative reinforcement and punishment are often confused but serve distinct functions in behavior modification. Reinforcement, whether positive or negative, increases the likelihood of a desired behavior, while punishment decreases it.
Punishment can be positive or negative. Positive punishment involves adding an undesirable stimulus, such as scolding, to decrease a behavior. Negative punishment involves removing a desirable stimulus, such as taking away a favorite toy, to decrease behavior.

02:20

Milgram's Obedience to Authority

Obedience to authority is classically demonstrated in a more famous series of social psychology experiments performed by Stanley Milgram. He was a social psychology professor at Yale who was influenced by the trial of Adolf Eichmann, a Nazi war criminal. Eichmann’s defense for the atrocities he committed was that he was “just following orders.”

01:21

Operant Conditioning

Operant conditioning, a key concept in behavioral psychology, involves using reinforcement and punishment to alter the likelihood of a behavior being repeated. B.F. introduced this type of conditioning. Skinner focused on voluntary behaviors and the consequences that follow them, influencing whether these behaviors will be strengthened or diminished.
Reinforcement in operant conditioning can be positive or negative, both of which serve to increase the likelihood of a behavior. Positive...

01:08

Obedience

According to obedience research, we may harm others under the forceful pressures of an authority figure (Milgram, 1974). How about if the inappropriate orders were delivered with less force? The increasing interdependence between nurses and physicians compelled Hofling and his colleagues to explore nurses’ reactions to a potentially harmful medical request made by the perceived authority figure, the doctor (Hofling, Brotzman, Dalrymple, Graves, & Pierce, 1966). In this situation, obedience...

01:06

Law of Effect

B.F. Skinner, a prominent figure in behavioral psychology, introduced operant conditioning by emphasizing the role of consequences in shaping behavior. This theory builds upon the law of effect proposed by Edward Thorndike, which posits that behaviors followed by satisfying outcomes are likely to be repeated. In contrast, those followed by unsatisfying outcomes are less likely to recur.
Edward Thorndike's foundational work involved studying learning in animals, particularly using puzzle boxes...

関連する実験動画