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Masonry in Cold and Hot Weather Conditions01:21

Masonry in Cold and Hot Weather Conditions

In cold weather, masonry construction requires specific precautions to ensure mortar does not freeze before curing, as this can significantly weaken its strength and watertightness. Mortar temperature should be maintained between 60°F and 80°F to support proper hydration and curing. Below 40°F, mortar water must be heated, but should not exceed 120°F as high temperatures can reduce mortar's compressive and bond strength.
Other key practices include keeping masonry units and sand dry and...
Thermal Insulation in Masonry Walls01:22

Thermal Insulation in Masonry Walls

In hot, dry climates, the thermal mass of masonry walls can be beneficial, absorbing heat during the day and releasing it at night, thereby stabilizing indoor temperatures. However, in most other climates, additional insulation is necessary to enhance thermal resistance.
External insulation can be applied using an Exterior Insulation and Finish System (EIFS), which involves affixing panels of plastic foam to the wall and covering them with a polymeric stucco reinforced with glass fiber mesh.
Physical Methods for Controlling Microbial Growth: Temperature01:23

Physical Methods for Controlling Microbial Growth: Temperature

Heat is a widely used method to control microbial growth by targeting and denaturing cellular proteins, thereby killing or inactivating microbes. This method's effectiveness is quantified using parameters such as the thermal death point (TDP), thermal death time (TDT), and decimal reduction time (D value). TDP represents the lowest temperature at which all microorganisms in a liquid suspension are eliminated within 10 minutes, whereas TDT is the time necessary to achieve sterilization at a...
Thermal Strain01:19

Thermal Strain

Thermal strain is a concept that arises when we consider how temperature changes affect structures. Unlike the conventional assumption that structures remain constant under load, real-world scenarios often involve temperature fluctuations that can significantly impact these structures. Consider a homogeneous rod with a uniform cross-section resting freely on a flat horizontal surface. If the rod's temperature increases, the rod elongates. This elongation is proportional to the temperature...
Microbial Mats01:25

Microbial Mats

Microbial communities forming biofilms and mats represent complex, spatially structured ecosystems where metabolic processes are stratified according to light, oxygen, and nutrient gradients. Biofilms are initial colonization stages, only a few millimeters thick, while mature microbial mats can reach centimeter-scale thickness and display intricate vertical organization. Their structural and functional heterogeneity allows microorganisms to occupy distinct ecological niches within a few...
Responses to Heat and Cold Stress02:45

Responses to Heat and Cold Stress

Every organism has an optimum temperature range within which healthy growth and physiological functioning can occur. At the ends of this range, there will be a minimum and maximum temperature that interrupt biological processes.

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関連する実験動画

Updated: Jul 12, 2026

Production and Testing of Moisture Behavior and Thermal Properties of Rapeseed Straw and Ganoderma resinaceum Mycelium Bio-Composites
09:39

Production and Testing of Moisture Behavior and Thermal Properties of Rapeseed Straw and Ganoderma resinaceum Mycelium Bio-Composites

Published on: September 5, 2025

青いカビとの戦争

G B Lucas

    Science (New York, N.Y.)
    |October 10, 1980
    PubMed
    まとめ
    この要約は機械生成です。

    タバコの作物における破壊的なブルーモールドの流行は,北米とキューバで重大な経済的損失を引き起こしました. 効果的な制御戦略は,真菌耐性によって挑戦され,国際的な協力が必要になります.

    さらに関連する動画

    Investigation of a Blue Light LED Device to Suppress Wound Pathogens Using a Collagen-Based Synthetic Skin Model
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    Investigation of a Blue Light LED Device to Suppress Wound Pathogens Using a Collagen-Based Synthetic Skin Model

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    Colletotrichum fioriniae Development in Water and Chloroform-based Blueberry and Cranberry Floral Extracts
    12:32

    Colletotrichum fioriniae Development in Water and Chloroform-based Blueberry and Cranberry Floral Extracts

    Published on: April 12, 2019

    関連する実験動画

    Last Updated: Jul 12, 2026

    Production and Testing of Moisture Behavior and Thermal Properties of Rapeseed Straw and Ganoderma resinaceum Mycelium Bio-Composites
    09:39

    Production and Testing of Moisture Behavior and Thermal Properties of Rapeseed Straw and Ganoderma resinaceum Mycelium Bio-Composites

    Published on: September 5, 2025

    Investigation of a Blue Light LED Device to Suppress Wound Pathogens Using a Collagen-Based Synthetic Skin Model
    08:56

    Investigation of a Blue Light LED Device to Suppress Wound Pathogens Using a Collagen-Based Synthetic Skin Model

    Published on: February 24, 2026

    Colletotrichum fioriniae Development in Water and Chloroform-based Blueberry and Cranberry Floral Extracts
    12:32

    Colletotrichum fioriniae Development in Water and Chloroform-based Blueberry and Cranberry Floral Extracts

    Published on: April 12, 2019

    科学分野:

    • 植物病理学 植物病理学
    • 農業科学 農業科学とは
    • 菌類学 菌類学とは

    背景:

    • 1979年,真菌によって引き起こされたタバコの青いカビの流行は,米国とカナダで相当な経済的損失をもたらしました.
    • この病気はキューバで発生し,1979年には作物の50%,1980年には90%を破壊した.
    • 青いカビは,世界のたばこ生産に重大な脅威をもたらしています.

    研究 の 目的:

    • 1979年のタバコにおける青いカビの流行に関連する影響と課題を強調する.
    • タバコの青いカビの現在の制御方法の限界について議論する.
    • この植物病の管理に協力的な解決策の必要性を強調する.

    主な方法:

    • この研究は,1979年のブルー・カビの流行のレビューです.
    • 病気が作物収穫量と経済的損失に及ぼす影響の分析.
    • 耐性栽培品種と殺菌剤を含む制御戦略の評価.

    主要な成果:

    • この疫病は,米国とカナダで推定2億5000万ドルの経済的損失をもたらした.
    • 耐性たばこ栽培は一時的な解決策であり,耐性は数年以内に崩壊する.
    • キノコ殺菌剤のメタキシルは有効性を示したが,耐性菌株の発生の可能性は将来の脅威となっている.

    結論:

    • タバコの青いカビの効果的かつ持続可能な制御は,真菌耐性の急速な進化のために困難です.
    • 現在の管理戦略は,広範囲にわたる作物被害を防ぐには不十分です.
    • 科学者,政府,産業を含む国際的,共同の努力は,青いカビの問題に対する適切な長期的な解決策の開発に不可欠です.