まとめ
1973年以降の記録的な刑務所人口増加は,共通の要因によって説明できない. 逮捕後の懲役刑の可能性が高いことが,収監率を大幅に上昇させ,犯罪率は徐々に減少した.
科学分野:
- クリミノロジー 犯罪学
- 社会学 社会学 社会学とは
- 公共政策 公共政策 公共政策
背景:
- 1973年以来,米国の刑務所人口が劇的に増加した理由については,広く議論されてきた.
- 一般的に挙げられる要因には,強制的な判決,司法の寛大さ,および仮釈放委員会の慣行が含まれます.
研究 の 目的:
- 1973年以来,米国における記録的な刑務所人口増加の実際の要因を調査する.
- 人口の変化,犯罪率,政策の変化を含む様々な要因が,収監傾向に与える影響を評価する.
主な方法:
- 刑務所の人口,犯罪率,逮捕率,判決法,仮釈放の慣行に関する国家データ分析.
- 異なる犯罪タイプにおける投獄可能性の変化の統計的検討.
主要な成果:
- 強制的な判決,司法上の判決の長さ,仮釈放の時間などの要因は,刑務所人口の増加にほとんど影響を示さなかった.
- 人口の変化と犯罪/逮捕率は,わずかな影響しか与えなかった.
- "薬物との戦争"は,薬物関連の逮捕や投獄が増加したにもかかわらず,限られた影響を与えた.
- ほとんどの犯罪で逮捕された後に懲役刑を宣告される可能性が著しく高まっていることが,収監率の増加の主な要因として浮上した.
結論:
- 1973年以来,米国で前例のない収監率の主要な原動力は,逮捕後に投獄される可能性の増加である.
- 同時に,米国の犯罪率は減少しており,投獄と犯罪の減少との複雑な関係を示唆しており,さらなる検討が必要である.
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