関連する実験動画
まとめ
研究開発 (R&D) は,国民会計とは対照的に,米国の大手製造業の生産性を大幅に高めています. 基礎研究が重要な役割を果たし,連邦政府からの資金援助も重要な役割を果たしています.
科学分野:
- イノベーションの経済学
- 生産性に関する研究
- 科学・技術政策 科学・技術政策
背景:
- 国家生産性会計は,特に宇宙,国防,保健などの分野からの研究開発の完全な影響を捉えることができないことがよくあります.
- 複雑な技術製品の改善とR&Dの転移効果は量的に測定することが困難であり,エコノメトリック研究における過小評価につながります.
研究 の 目的:
- 米国の主要製造業企業における生産性の成長に対するR&Dの実際の貢献度を評価する.
- 基礎研究と応用研究の相対的な重要性,および連邦政府によるR&D資金の役割について調査する.
主な方法:
- 米国の大手製造業企業のR&D支出と生産性データのエコノメトリック分析.
- 異なるタイプのR&D (基礎型と応用型) と資金源 (連邦型と民間型) の影響の分析.
主要な成果:
- R&D投資と生産性の成長の間には,重要なポジティブな関係があることが判明しました.
- 生産性に対する研究開発の貢献度の大幅な減少の証拠は観察されなかった.
- 基礎研究は,総研究開発支出におけるその割合が示唆するよりも,生産性への影響が大きいことを示した.
- 連邦政府の資金によるR&D支出は,総R&Dに占める割合によって示唆されるより小さな役割を果たしているように見えた.
結論:
- R&Dは米国の製造業における生産性の成長の重要な原動力ですが,国家経済指標に完全に反映されていません.
- この調査結果は,長期的な生産性向上のために基礎研究の重要性を強調しています.
- 政策の考察は,R&Dの種類と資金源が経済生産性に与える影響の違いを考慮すべきである.
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