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関連する概念動画

Phase Changes01:19

Phase Changes

Phase transitions play an important theoretical and practical role in the study of heat flow. In melting or fusion, a solid turns into a liquid; the opposite process is freezing. In evaporation, a liquid turns into a gas; the opposite process is condensation.
A substance melts or freezes at a temperature called its melting point and boils or condenses at its boiling point. These temperatures depend on pressure. High pressure favors the denser form of the substance, so typically, high pressure...
Phase Transitions02:31

Phase Transitions

Whether solid, liquid, or gas, a substance's state depends on the order and arrangement of its particles (atoms, molecules, or ions). Particles in the solid pack closely together, generally in a pattern. The particles vibrate about their fixed positions but do not move or squeeze past their neighbors. In liquids, although the particles are closely spaced, they are randomly arranged. The position of the particles are not fixed—that is, they are free to move past their neighbors to occupy...
Phase Transitions01:21

Phase Transitions

A phase transition is the process in which a substance changes from one state of matter to another, like from a solid to a liquid, liquid to gas, or vice versa, at a specific temperature and under given pressure conditions. This change is spontaneous and is affected by alterations in temperature and pressure. These parameters impact the strength of the forces between molecules (intermolecular forces) in the substance.During a phase transition, both the initial and final phases of the substance...
States of Matter and Phase Changes00:59

States of Matter and Phase Changes

The internal energy of a substance—the total kinetic energy of all its molecules and the potential energy of their associated forces—depends on the strength of the intermolecular forces in the condensed phases and the pressure exerted on the substance. The internal energy of a substance is the highest in the gaseous state, the lowest in the solid state, and intermediate in the liquid state. Phase transitions are caused by changes in physical conditions, such as temperature and pressure, that...
Phase Transitions: Melting and Freezing02:39

Phase Transitions: Melting and Freezing

Heating a crystalline solid increases the average energy of its atoms, molecules, or ions, and the solid gets hotter. At some point, the added energy becomes large enough to partially overcome the forces holding the molecules or ions of the solid in their fixed positions, and the solid begins the process of transitioning to the liquid state or melting. At this point, the temperature of the solid stops rising, despite the continual input of heat, and it remains constant until all of the solid is...
Phase Diagram01:19

Phase Diagram

The phase of a given substance depends on the pressure and temperature. Thus, plots of pressure versus temperature showing the phase in each region provide considerable insights into the thermal properties of substances. Such plots are known as phase diagrams. For instance, in the phase diagram for water (Figure 1), the solid curve boundaries between the phases indicate phase transitions (i.e., temperatures and pressures at which the phases coexist).

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関連する実験動画

Updated: Jul 11, 2026

High-Contrast and Fast Photorheological Switching of a Twist-Bend Nematic Liquid Crystal
06:24

High-Contrast and Fast Photorheological Switching of a Twist-Bend Nematic Liquid Crystal

Published on: October 31, 2019

マントルの相変化の不安定さ

G Schubert, D L Turcotte, E R Oxburgh

    Science (New York, N.Y.)
    |September 11, 1970
    PubMed
    まとめ

    地球上の上層マントルの相変化により,より軽い物質がより密度の高い物質の上に温度グラデーションの下で座っているため,不安定になる可能性があります. この不安定さは,地球規模の地質プレート移動の原動力となるかもしれない.

    科学分野:

    • 地質物理学 地質物理学とは地質物理学です.
    • 固体地球 ジオダイナミクス
    • ミネラル物理学 ミネラル物理学

    背景:

    • 地球のマントルの相変遷は,その動態を理解するために重要である.
    • 上層マントルは,400kmの深さでのオリヴィン-スピネルの移行など,重要な相変化を特徴としています.
    • 温度梯度における相の配置 (より密度の高い上でのより低密度) は,マントルのコンベクションの重要な要因である.

    研究 の 目的:

    • 特定の条件下で上層マントルの相変化の安定性を調査する.
    • 段階変化の不安定性が400kmのオリビン-スピネル移行と浅い深さで発生するかどうかを判断する.
    • これらの不安定性の潜在力を,地球規模構造の原動力として探求する.

    主な方法:

    • 段階変化の振る舞いをモデル化するために,近似計算を用いた.
    • 段階安定性に対する温度グラデーションの影響を分析した.
    • オリヴィン・スピネルの相変化と部分的な融解に関連した不安定性を調べました.

    主要な成果:

    • より密度の高い材料の上にあるより低密度の材料による相変化は,温度グラデーションの存在下で不安定になる可能性があります.
    • 400kmのオリヴィン・スピネルの移行には不安定性が可能であることが判明しました.

    さらに関連する動画

    Orientational Transition in a Liquid Crystal Triggered by the Thermodynamic Growth of Interfacial Wetting Sheets
    06:26

    Orientational Transition in a Liquid Crystal Triggered by the Thermodynamic Growth of Interfacial Wetting Sheets

    Published on: May 15, 2017

    In Situ Neutron Powder Diffraction Using Custom-made Lithium-ion Batteries
    11:25

    In Situ Neutron Powder Diffraction Using Custom-made Lithium-ion Batteries

    Published on: November 10, 2014

    関連する実験動画

    Last Updated: Jul 11, 2026

    High-Contrast and Fast Photorheological Switching of a Twist-Bend Nematic Liquid Crystal
    06:24

    High-Contrast and Fast Photorheological Switching of a Twist-Bend Nematic Liquid Crystal

    Published on: October 31, 2019

    Orientational Transition in a Liquid Crystal Triggered by the Thermodynamic Growth of Interfacial Wetting Sheets
    06:26

    Orientational Transition in a Liquid Crystal Triggered by the Thermodynamic Growth of Interfacial Wetting Sheets

    Published on: May 15, 2017

    In Situ Neutron Powder Diffraction Using Custom-made Lithium-ion Batteries
    11:25

    In Situ Neutron Powder Diffraction Using Custom-made Lithium-ion Batteries

    Published on: November 10, 2014

  • 同じような不安定性は,より浅いマントルの深さでの部分的な融解にも示された.

    • 結論:

    • マントルの相変化,特にオリヴィン-スピネルの移行と部分的な融解は不安定になる可能性があります.
    • これらの不安定性は,上層マントルの内部で流れパターンを生み出すことができます.
    • このような流れパターンは,プレート構造の重要な駆動機構を代表する可能性があります.