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Determination of Crystal Structures01:29

Determination of Crystal Structures

In the late 1800s, the revelation that light extended beyond visible wavelengths led to the discovery of X-rays by Wilhelm Roentgen. Recognized as high-energy electromagnetic radiation with short wavelengths, X-rays prompted exploration into their interaction with crystals. Max von Laue proposed in 1912 that the periodic arrangement of atoms, ions, or molecules in crystals would cause them to diffract X-rays, a hypothesis confirmed through experiments with copper sulfate and zinc sulfide...
Solubility of Ionic Compounds02:55

Solubility of Ionic Compounds

Solubility is the measure of the maximum amount of solute that can be dissolved in a given quantity of solvent at a given temperature and pressure. Solubility is usually measured in molarity (M) or moles per liter (mol/L). A compound is termed soluble if it dissolves in water.
Molecular and Ionic Solids02:54

Molecular and Ionic Solids

Crystalline solids are divided into four types: molecular, ionic, metallic, and covalent network based on the type of constituent units and their interparticle interactions.
Molecular Solids
Molecular crystalline solids, such as ice, sucrose (table sugar), and iodine, are solids that are composed of neutral molecules as their constituent units. These molecules are held together by weak intermolecular forces such as London dispersion forces, dipole-dipole interactions, or hydrogen bonds, which...
Precipitation of Ions03:11

Precipitation of Ions

Predicting Precipitation
The equation that describes the equilibrium between solid calcium carbonate and its solvated ions is:
Electrolytes: van't Hoff Factor03:08

Electrolytes: van't Hoff Factor

Colligative Properties of ElectrolytesThe colligative properties of a solution depend only on the number, not on the identity, of solute species dissolved. The concentration terms in the equations for various colligative properties (freezing point depression, boiling point elevation, osmotic pressure) pertain to all solute species present in the solution. Nonelectrolytes dissolve physically without dissociation or any other accompanying process. Each molecule that dissolves yields one dissolved...
Ionic Strength: Effects on Chemical Equilibria01:19

Ionic Strength: Effects on Chemical Equilibria

The addition of an inert ionic compound increases the solubility of a sparingly soluble salt. For example, adding potassium nitrate to a saturated solution of calcium sulfate significantly enhances the solubility of calcium sulfate. Le Châtelier's principle cannot predict this shift in the equilibrium. Instead, this could be explained in terms of changes in the effective concentration of the ions in solution in the presence of added inert salt.
In this solution, the primary cation—the calcium...

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Updated: Jul 11, 2026

Neutron Crystallography Data Collection and Processing for Modelling Hydrogen Atoms in Protein Structures
10:10

Neutron Crystallography Data Collection and Processing for Modelling Hydrogen Atoms in Protein Structures

Published on: December 1, 2020

ニュートロン difraktion からイオン溶解の直接的決定.

A H Narten, R L Hahn

    Science (New York, N.Y.)
    |September 24, 1982
    PubMed
    まとめ

    ニュートロン difraktion は,ネオジミウムトリクロライド溶液中のイオンと水の相互作用を直接探査します. 結果は,イオンあたり8.6個の酸素原子と16.7個のデウテリウム原子を持つ明確な水分球を明らかにした.

    科学分野:

    • 化学 化学は化学です.
    • 物理化学 物理化学
    • マテリアルサイエンス 材料科学

    背景:

    • イオン溶解は,電解質溶液を理解するために不可欠です.
    • 放射光学や熱力学のような伝統的な方法は,間接的な情報を提供する.
    • イオンと水の相互作用の直接的な探査は,長年の挑戦でした.

    研究 の 目的:

    • 溶液中のネオジミウムイオンの水分化構造を直接調査する.
    • イオン-水調整の明瞭な決定のために中性子 difraktion を利用する.
    • ネオジムイオン周りの水分子の空間的配置を特徴づけるために.

    主な方法:

    • ニュートロン difraktion 実験は重水中のネオジミウムトリクロライド溶液で実施されました.
    • ネオジミウムイオンの同位体置換は,特定のイオン-水信号を分離するために使用されました.
    • 散乱データの分析により,酸素とデュテリウム原子の放射分布関数が得られました.

    主要な成果:

    • それぞれのネオジミウムイオンを取り巻く明確に定義された最初の水分球が特定されました.
    • 各ネオジミウムイオンは,2.48アングストームで8.6個の酸素原子によって調整されています.

    さらに関連する動画

    High-Resolution Neutron Spectroscopy to Study Picosecond-Nanosecond Dynamics of Proteins and Hydration Water
    08:48

    High-Resolution Neutron Spectroscopy to Study Picosecond-Nanosecond Dynamics of Proteins and Hydration Water

    Published on: April 28, 2022

    Studying Soft-matter and Biological Systems over a Wide Length-scale from Nanometer and Micrometer Sizes at the Small-angle Neutron Diffractometer KWS-2
    11:27

    Studying Soft-matter and Biological Systems over a Wide Length-scale from Nanometer and Micrometer Sizes at the Small-angle Neutron Diffractometer KWS-2

    Published on: December 8, 2016

    関連する実験動画

    Last Updated: Jul 11, 2026

    Neutron Crystallography Data Collection and Processing for Modelling Hydrogen Atoms in Protein Structures
    10:10

    Neutron Crystallography Data Collection and Processing for Modelling Hydrogen Atoms in Protein Structures

    Published on: December 1, 2020

    High-Resolution Neutron Spectroscopy to Study Picosecond-Nanosecond Dynamics of Proteins and Hydration Water
    08:48

    High-Resolution Neutron Spectroscopy to Study Picosecond-Nanosecond Dynamics of Proteins and Hydration Water

    Published on: April 28, 2022

    Studying Soft-matter and Biological Systems over a Wide Length-scale from Nanometer and Micrometer Sizes at the Small-angle Neutron Diffractometer KWS-2
    11:27

    Studying Soft-matter and Biological Systems over a Wide Length-scale from Nanometer and Micrometer Sizes at the Small-angle Neutron Diffractometer KWS-2

    Published on: December 8, 2016

  • 16.7個のデュテリウム原子が3.13アングストームに位置しており,これは水分子がデュテリウムをカチオンから遠ざけて方向づけていることを示しています.

    • 結論:

    • ニュートロン difrractionは,イオン溶解を研究するための直接的かつ明確な方法を提供しています.
    • ネオジミウムイオンは,特定で秩序ある水分化シェル構造を示しています.
    • この詳細な構造情報により,電解質におけるイオンと水の相互作用に関する理解が深まる.