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関連する概念動画

Bonding in Metals02:32

Bonding in Metals

45.1K
Metallic bonds are formed between two metal atoms. A simplified model to describe metallic bonding has been developed by Paul Drüde called the “Electron Sea Model”. 
45.1K
Properties of Transition Metals02:58

Properties of Transition Metals

28.1K
Transition metals are defined as those elements that have partially filled d orbitals. As shown in Figure 1, the d-block elements in groups 3–12 are transition elements. The f-block elements, also called inner transition metals (the lanthanides and actinides), also meet this criterion because the d orbital is partially occupied before the f orbitals.
28.1K
Degree of Unsaturation02:05

Degree of Unsaturation

9.7K
The degree of unsaturation (U), or index of hydrogen deficiency (IHD), is defined as the difference in the number of pairs of hydrogen atoms between the compound and the acyclic alkane with the same number of carbon atoms. Each double bond or ring costs two hydrogen atoms compared to a saturated analog and results in one degree of unsaturation.
The degree of unsaturation for hydrocarbons is U = (2C + 2 − H) / 2, where C is the number of carbon atoms and H is the number of hydrogen atoms.
9.7K
Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin State Population Distribution01:14

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin State Population Distribution

1.7K
Near absolute zero temperatures, in the presence of a magnetic field, the majority of nuclei prefer the lower energy spin-up state to the higher energy spin-down state. As temperatures increase, the energy from thermal collisions distributes the spins more equally between the two states. The Boltzmann distribution equation gives the ratio of the number of spins predicted in the spin −½ (N−) and spin +½ (N+) states.
1.7K
Ferromagnetism01:31

Ferromagnetism

2.8K
Materials like iron, nickel, and cobalt consist of magnetic domains, within which the magnetic dipoles are arranged parallel to each other. The magnetic dipoles are rigidly aligned in the same direction within a domain by quantum mechanical coupling among the atoms. This coupling is so strong that even thermal agitation at room temperature cannot break it. The result is that each domain has a net dipole moment. However, some materials have weaker coupling, and are ferromagnetic at lower...
2.8K
Magnetic Susceptibility and Permeability01:31

Magnetic Susceptibility and Permeability

2.9K
In linear magnetic materials, like paramagnets and diamagnets, magnetization is proportional to the magnetic field intensity. The constant of proportionality, a dimensionless number, is called magnetic susceptibility. The value of the susceptibility depends on the type of material.
When diamagnetic materials are placed under an external magnetic field, the moments opposite to the field are induced. Hence, the susceptibility for diamagnets has a minimal negative value of 10-5–10-6. Since...
2.9K

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関連する実験動画

Updated: Apr 28, 2026

Simulation of the Planetary Interior Differentiation Processes in the Laboratory
06:04

Simulation of the Planetary Interior Differentiation Processes in the Laboratory

Published on: November 16, 2013

11.3K

上層マントルの金属飽和度

Arno Rohrbach1, Chris Ballhaus, Ute Golla-Schindler

  • 1Mineralogisches-Petrologisches Institut und Museum, Universität Bonn, Poppelsdorfer Schloss, 53115 Bonn, Germany. rohrbaa@web.de

Nature
|September 28, 2007
PubMed
まとめ

地球の上層マントルの酸化は浅い現象で,最上位250kmに限定されています. より深いアステノスフィアには,安定した金属鉄が含まれており,マントルの地質学と揮発性物質の含有に影響を与えます.

科学分野:

  • 地質化学 地質化学
  • ミネラル物理学 ミネラル物理学
  • ジオダイナミクスは地力学です.

背景:

  • 酸素の流動性 (fO2) は,マントル・ペトロロジーの重要な変数であり,融解,揮発性溶解性,およびレオロジーに影響を与える.
  • 最上層のマントルは酸化されていて,H2OやCO2のような揮発性物質を貯蔵することができる.
  • この酸化した浅いマントルが,上層マントルの全体を表しているかどうかは不明である.

研究 の 目的:

  • 深層アステノスフィアの酸素の流動性および酸化還元状態を調査する.
  • 金属鉄が地球のマントルの250km以上の深さで安定しているかどうかを判断する.

主な方法:

  • マントルミネラル (ピロキセン,ガーネット) の高圧実験合成.
  • 7 GPaを超える圧力で金属鉄 (Fe) との均衡状態で実施された実験.
  • 合成された鉱物へのフェリック鉄の組み込みの分析.

主要な成果:

  • >7GPaで合成されたマントル鉱物は,金属Feと均衡状態にあるとき,有意な鉄鉄を含んでいます.
  • これは,マントルが約250kmの深さ以下で, (Fe,Ni) 金属が安定するように十分に縮小していることを示しています.

さらに関連する動画

Metal-silicate Partitioning at High Pressure and Temperature: Experimental Methods and a Protocol to Suppress Highly Siderophile Element Inclusions
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Metal-silicate Partitioning at High Pressure and Temperature: Experimental Methods and a Protocol to Suppress Highly Siderophile Element Inclusions

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Atom Probe Tomography Analysis of Exsolved Mineral Phases
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Atom Probe Tomography Analysis of Exsolved Mineral Phases

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関連する実験動画

Last Updated: Apr 28, 2026

Simulation of the Planetary Interior Differentiation Processes in the Laboratory
06:04

Simulation of the Planetary Interior Differentiation Processes in the Laboratory

Published on: November 16, 2013

11.3K
Metal-silicate Partitioning at High Pressure and Temperature: Experimental Methods and a Protocol to Suppress Highly Siderophile Element Inclusions
11:50

Metal-silicate Partitioning at High Pressure and Temperature: Experimental Methods and a Protocol to Suppress Highly Siderophile Element Inclusions

Published on: June 13, 2015

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Atom Probe Tomography Analysis of Exsolved Mineral Phases
08:14

Atom Probe Tomography Analysis of Exsolved Mineral Phases

Published on: October 25, 2019

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  • 上層マントルの酸化した性質は,おそらく浅い現象である.

    • 結論:

    • 地球の上層マントルは均等に酸化されず, ~250km以下では減少と金属飽和が起こります.
    • 酸化は浅い層に限られ,マントルのプロセスに関する私たちの理解に影響を与えます.
    • この発見は,マントルのリドックス状態のモデルと,揮発性サイクルへの影響を再考する.