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Precipitation Processes01:12

Precipitation Processes

The experimental conditions in a gravimetric analysis should be optimized to maximize the particle size and purity of the obtained precipitate. Ideally, the concentration of the precipitating reagent should be low with effective stirring to maintain low relative supersaturation for the growth of large crystals. In homogeneous precipitation, the precipitant is slowly generated by a chemical reaction in the solution to avoid local reagent excesses. For example, urea decomposes gradually to...
Precipitation and Co-precipitation01:17

Precipitation and Co-precipitation

Precipitation and coprecipitation methods can be used to separate a mixture of ions in a solution. In qualitative inorganic analysis, ions that form sparingly soluble precipitates with the same reagent are separated based on the differences in solubility products. For example, consider the separation of Cu(II) and Fe(II) ions by precipitation as insoluble sulfides. First, copper(II) sulfide is precipitated by the addition of acidic H2S, where the dissociation of H2S is suppressed. Adding H2S...
Precipitation of Ions03:11

Precipitation of Ions

Predicting Precipitation
The equation that describes the equilibrium between solid calcium carbonate and its solvated ions is:
Potential Due to a Polarized Object01:29

Potential Due to a Polarized Object

A neutral atom consists of a positively charged nucleus surrounded by a negatively charged electron cloud. When placed in an external electric field, the external electric force pulls the electrons and nucleus apart, opposite to the intrinsic attraction between the nucleus and the electrons. The opposing forces balance each other with a slight shift between the center of masses of the nucleus and the electron cloud, resulting in a polarized atom. On the other hand, a few molecules, like water,...
Polar Curves01:19

Polar Curves

The spirograph is a versatile tool for visualizing the relationship between geometry and mathematical representation. In particular, it demonstrates how polar coordinates offer an alternative framework for describing curves in comparison to Cartesian coordinates. Instead of specifying a point by its horizontal and vertical displacements (x, y), polar coordinates use a radius r, the distance from the origin, and an angle θ, measured counterclockwise from the polar axis. This system is...
Phase Changes01:19

Phase Changes

Phase transitions play an important theoretical and practical role in the study of heat flow. In melting or fusion, a solid turns into a liquid; the opposite process is freezing. In evaporation, a liquid turns into a gas; the opposite process is condensation.
A substance melts or freezes at a temperature called its melting point and boils or condenses at its boiling point. These temperatures depend on pressure. High pressure favors the denser form of the substance, so typically, high pressure...

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Updated: Jul 10, 2026

Scattering And Absorption of Light in Planetary Regoliths
11:34

Scattering And Absorption of Light in Planetary Regoliths

Published on: July 1, 2019

木星の極光と10年スケールの雲の変動.

Kevin H Baines1, Amy A Simon-Miller, Glenn S Orton

  • 1Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena CA 91109, USA.

Science (New York, N.Y.)
|October 13, 2007
PubMed
まとめ

以前は地球上でしか観測されなかった極光が,今度は木星でニュー・ホライゾンズ宇宙船によって検出されました. この発見は,内部熱がコンベクションを駆動し,木星の大気動力学に影響を与えることを示唆しています.

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関連する実験動画

Last Updated: Jul 10, 2026

Scattering And Absorption of Light in Planetary Regoliths
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Scattering And Absorption of Light in Planetary Regoliths

Published on: July 1, 2019

Bringing the Visible Universe into Focus with Robo-AO
10:35

Bringing the Visible Universe into Focus with Robo-AO

Published on: February 12, 2013

Using Generative Art to Convey Past and Future Climate Transitions
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Using Generative Art to Convey Past and Future Climate Transitions

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科学分野:

  • 惑星科学は惑星科学である.
  • 大気物理学 大気物理学
  • プラズマ物理学 プラズマ物理学

背景:

  • 雷の現象は,惑星の大気を理解するために極めて重要です.
  • 木星では雷が観測されているが,極地雷は地球でのみ知られていた.
  • 以前の木星の雷の観測は,範囲と緯度が限られていた.

研究 の 目的:

  • 木星上の高緯度における雷の存在と特徴を調査する.
  • 木星の極地雷と地上の雷を比較し,木星の他の緯度における雷を比較する.
  • 時間の経過とともに木星の雲の覆いや大気動態の変化を評価するためです.

主な方法:

  • New Horizons宇宙船からの光学観測を利用した.
  • 木星の高緯度における雷速,光学力,光学流動を分析した.
  • 近赤外線と地上の5マイクロメートルの熱画像を用いた.
  • 現在の観測をカッシーニの2000年の飛行データと比較した.

主要な成果:

  • 木星上の高緯度 (80°Nと74°Sまで) で雷の存在が確認されました.
  • 同じような雷速と光学力を,木星の両極で発見した.
  • 極の平均光学流が,非極の領域と比較可能であることを観測した.
  • カッシーニのフライトバイ以来,特にグレート・レッド・スポットと赤道地域の近くで,雲の覆いが著しく薄くなっていることが検出されました.

結論:

  • 極地雷は地球に特有するものではなく,太陽系における電気現象の理解を広げています.
  • 内部熱は木星の大気中のコンベクションの主な原動力である可能性が高い.
  • 木星の大気動態,特に垂直的過程は,中低緯度における季節的な時間尺度で変動します.