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Unrealistic optimism bias is the tendency to overestimate the likelihood of positive outcomes. This cognitive bias makes individuals believe they are less likely to experience failures, setbacks, or risks and more likely to succeed than others. For example, people may assume they are less prone to health issues, accidents, or financial struggles than their peers, even when they share similar risk factors.One key component of this bias is the above-average effect, where individuals perceive...
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Self-serving bias is a cognitive phenomenon in which individuals attribute positive outcomes to internal factors such as their abilities, intelligence, or effort while attributing negative outcomes to external circumstances. This cognitive distortion helps maintain self-esteem but can also impede objective self-assessment.Theoretical Explanations of Self-Serving BiasTwo primary theories explain the self-serving bias: the cognitive explanation and the motivational explanation.The cognitive...
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楽観主義バイアスを媒介する神経機構

Tali Sharot1, Alison M Riccardi, Candace M Raio

  • 1Department of Psychology, New York University, New York 10003, USA.

Nature
|October 26, 2007
PubMed
まとめ

私たちの脳は,前向きな将来の出来事を想像するときに,桃体やロストラル前帯状皮質のような感情の中枢の活動を増加させることで,楽観主義バイアスを生み出します.

科学分野:

  • 神経科学は神経科学である.
  • 認知心理学とは,認知心理学である.
  • 感情科学とは,感情科学である.

背景:

  • 人間は,普遍的な楽観主義的なバイアスを表し,証拠がないにもかかわらず,一貫して将来の肯定的な結果を期待しています.
  • このバイアスは,人生のネガティブな出来事 (例えば,離婚) を過小評価し,ポジティブな見通し (例えば,キャリアの成功) を過大評価することで表れます.
  • 楽観主義バイアスの神経基盤を理解することは,特にうつ病に関連する悲観主義との逆関係を考えると,非常に重要です.

研究 の 目的:

  • 人間の楽観主義バイアスを生み出す神経メカニズムを調査する.
  • ポジティブな将来の出来事を予期する特定の脳領域を特定する.
  • 脳活動,特質の楽観主義,感情の調節の関係を探求する.

主な方法:

  • 脳活性化パターンを測定するために神経イメージング技術を活用しました.
  • ポジティブな対ネガティブな将来の出来事を想像した参加者の神経反応を比較した.
  • 特徴の楽観主義における個別の違いを持つ特定の領域における相関する脳の活動.

主要な成果:

  • 前帯状皮質 (rACC) と前帯状皮質 (rACC) の活性化は,前向きな将来の出来事を想像する際に観察されました.

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  • これらの領域は,感情的突出を処理する上で極めて重要であり,楽観主義バイアスに関与しています.
  • rACCにおける活動は,個々人の特質の楽観性レベルと直接相関していた.

    • 結論:

    • 楽観主義バイアスは,感情的突出監視に関与する特定の脳領域によって媒介されます.
    • 感情的および自伝的情報の効果的な統合と調節は,健康な個体において,将来の出来事のポジティブな予測をサポートします.
    • 楽観主義バイアスに関連するニューラルパターンは,うつ病で観察されたものとは異なっており,楽観主義と悲観主義の明確なメカニズムを強調しています.