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Cationic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism00:57

Cationic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism

The cationic polymerization mechanism consists of three steps: initiation, propagation, and termination. In the initiation step of the polymerization process, the π bond of a monomer gets protonated by the Lewis acid catalyst, which is formed from boron trifluoride and water. The protonation of the π bond generates a carbocation stabilized by the electron‐donating group. In the propagation step, the π bond of the second monomer acts as a nucleophile and attacks the generated carbocation,...
Ziegler–Natta Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:17

Ziegler–Natta Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview

Ziegler–Natta polymerization is another form of addition or chain‐growth polymerization used for synthesizing linear polymers over branched polymers. The catalyst used for polymerization is the Ziegler–Natta catalyst, named after Karl Ziegler and Giulio Natta, who developed it in 1953. This catalyst is an organometallic complex of titanium tetrachloride and triethyl aluminum, with the active form of the catalyst being an alkyl titanium compound. Using the Ziegler–Natta catalyst, high molecular...
Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism01:04

Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism

The mechanism for anionic chain-growth polymerization involves initiation, propagation, and termination steps. In the initiation step, a nucleophilic anion, such as butyl lithium, initiates the polymerization process by attacking the π bond of the vinylic monomer. As a result, a carbanion, stabilized by the electron‐withdrawing group, is generated. The resulting carbanion acts as a Michael donor in the propagation step and attacks the second vinylic monomer, which acts as a Michael acceptor.
Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism01:09

Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism

The radical chain-growth polymerization mechanism consists of three steps: initiation, propagation, and termination of polymerization. The polymerization initiates when a free radical generated from the radical initiator adds to the unsaturated bond in the monomer. The unpaired electron of the free radical and one π electron in the unsaturated bond creates a σ bond between the free radical and the monomer. As a result, the other π electron in the unsaturated bond converts this species into the...
Peptidoglycan Synthesis01:28

Peptidoglycan Synthesis

Structure of PeptidoglycanPeptidoglycan is a vital structural component of the bacterial cell wall, providing mechanical strength and shape to the cell. It consists of repeating units of two sugars—N-acetylglucosamine (NAG) and N-acetylmuramic acid (NAM)—linked by β-1,4 glycosidic bonds. These sugar chains are cross-linked by short peptide chains, forming a mesh-like polymer that surrounds the bacterial plasma membrane.Cytoplasmic Phase – Precursor SynthesisPeptidoglycan biosynthesis begins in...
Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:10

Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview

Chain-growth or addition polymerization is successive addition reactions of monomers with a polymer chain. In radical chain-growth polymerization, the reaction proceeds via a free-radical intermediate. The free radical is formed from radical initiators, which spontaneously generate free radicals by homolytic fission. Organic peroxides (such as dibenzoyl peroxide, as shown in Figure 1) or azo compounds are popular radical initiators. A low concentration ratio of radical initiator to monomer is...

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関連する実験動画

Updated: Jul 10, 2026

From a Natural Product to Its Biosynthetic Gene Cluster: A Demonstration Using Polyketomycin from Streptomyces diastatochromogenes Tü6028
09:08

From a Natural Product to Its Biosynthetic Gene Cluster: A Demonstration Using Polyketomycin from Streptomyces diastatochromogenes Tü6028

Published on: January 13, 2017

ポリケチド鎖開始のためのGNATのような戦略.

Liangcai Gu1, Todd W Geders, Bo Wang

  • 1Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.

Science (New York, N.Y.)
|November 10, 2007
PubMed
まとめ

研究者らは,キュラシンAのポリケチド合成を開始するための新しい生化学的経路を発見した. 独特のGCN5に関連したN-アセチルトランスフェラーゼドメインは二重の機能を果たし,抗癌化合物キュラシンAの生成を可能にします.

科学分野:

  • バイオケミストリー バイオケミストリー
  • 分子生物学は分子生物学である.
  • 自然製品合成 自然製品の合成

背景:

  • Lyngbya majusculaの抗癌剤であるキュラシンAは,その生物合成のためにポリケチド合成酵素 (PKS) に依存しています.
  • PKSロードモジュールのチェーン開始メカニズムは以前は知られていなかった.

研究 の 目的:

  • キュラシンA PKSにおけるポリケチド鎖開始の生化学的戦略を解明する.
  • キュラシンAロードモジュール内の新しい酵素活性性を特徴づける.

主な方法:

  • CurAロードトリドメインの酵素活性を評価するための生化学分析.
  • GNAT (L) ドメインの構造を決定するX線結晶学.
  • サイト・ディレクテッド・ミュータジェネシスとコンピュータ・モデリングで,主要残留物を調査する.

主要な成果:

  • GCN5に関連するN-アセチルトランスフェラーゼ (GNAT) ドメイン (GNAT(L)) は,前例のない二機能デカルボキシラーゼ/S-アセチルトランスフェラーゼ活性を示しています.
  • GNAT(L) は,マロニル共酵素Aをアセチル-CoAへのデカルボキシル化と,その後のS-アセチルをアシルキャリアタンパク質 (ACP(L)) に転送することを触媒にします.

さらに関連する動画

Synthesis of Information-bearing Peptoids and their Sequence-directed Dynamic Covalent Self-assembly
09:34

Synthesis of Information-bearing Peptoids and their Sequence-directed Dynamic Covalent Self-assembly

Published on: February 6, 2020

Monitoring GPCR-β-arrestin1/2 Interactions in Real Time Living Systems to Accelerate Drug Discovery
08:21

Monitoring GPCR-β-arrestin1/2 Interactions in Real Time Living Systems to Accelerate Drug Discovery

Published on: June 28, 2019

関連する実験動画

Last Updated: Jul 10, 2026

From a Natural Product to Its Biosynthetic Gene Cluster: A Demonstration Using Polyketomycin from Streptomyces diastatochromogenes Tü6028
09:08

From a Natural Product to Its Biosynthetic Gene Cluster: A Demonstration Using Polyketomycin from Streptomyces diastatochromogenes Tü6028

Published on: January 13, 2017

Synthesis of Information-bearing Peptoids and their Sequence-directed Dynamic Covalent Self-assembly
09:34

Synthesis of Information-bearing Peptoids and their Sequence-directed Dynamic Covalent Self-assembly

Published on: February 6, 2020

Monitoring GPCR-β-arrestin1/2 Interactions in Real Time Living Systems to Accelerate Drug Discovery
08:21

Monitoring GPCR-β-arrestin1/2 Interactions in Real Time Living Systems to Accelerate Drug Discovery

Published on: June 28, 2019

  • 結晶構造は,異なる基板トンネルを明らかにし,変異変異は,デカルボキシル化に関与する重要な残留物 (His389, Thr355) を特定します.

    • 結論:

    • キュラシンAロードモジュールは,チェーン開始のためにユニークなGNATドメインを使用しています.
    • マロニル-CoAのデカルボキシル化がアセチルグループ移転に先行し,アセチル-ACP (L) スタートユニットを生成する.
    • この発見は,ポリケチド合成のためのGNAT超家族内の新しい生化学的戦略を明らかにしています.