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Mass Spectrometry: Alkyl Halide Fragmentation01:22

Mass Spectrometry: Alkyl Halide Fragmentation

Chlorine isotopes exist as 35Cl and 37Cl in a 3:1 ratio, while bromine isotopes exist as 79Br and 81Br in a 1:1 ratio. The mass spectrum of alkyl halides typically produces two distinct molecular ion peaks, the molecular ion peak, [M], and the molecular ion plus two, [M + 2] peak. The relative heights of these two peaks are proportional to the isotopic abundance ratios of the halide. For example, 2‐chloropropane and 1‐bromopropane display two peaks with relative peak heights in a 3:1 and 1:1...
Alkyl Halides02:45

Alkyl Halides

Structural Properties
Alkyl halides are halogen-substituted alkanes wherein one or more hydrogen atoms of an alkane is replaced by a halogen atom such as fluorine, chlorine, bromine, or iodine. The carbon atom in an alkyl halide is bonded to the halogen atom, which is sp3-hybridized and exhibits a tetrahedral shape.
Unlike alkyl halides, compounds in which a halogen atom is bonded to an sp2 -hybridized carbon atom of a carbon-carbon double bond (C=C) are called vinyl halides. Whereas aryl...
Halogens03:01

Halogens

Group 17 elements, known as halogens, are nonmetals. At room temperature, fluorine and chlorine are gases, bromine is a liquid, and iodine a solid. Astatine is a highly unstable radioactive element, so currently, most of its properties are unknown due to its short half-life. Tennessine is a synthetic element also predicted to be in this group.
Electrophilic Addition to Alkynes: Halogenation02:38

Electrophilic Addition to Alkynes: Halogenation

Introduction
Halogenation is another class of electrophilic addition reactions where a halogen molecule gets added across a π bond. In alkynes, the presence of two π bonds allows for the addition of two equivalents of halogens (bromine or chlorine). The addition of the first halogen molecule forms a trans-dihaloalkene as the major product and the cis isomer as the minor product. Subsequent addition of the second equivalent yields the tetrahalide.
Radical Substitution: Halogenation of Alkanes and Alkyl Substituents01:27

Radical Substitution: Halogenation of Alkanes and Alkyl Substituents

In the presence of heat or light, alkanes react with molecular halogens to form alkyl halides by a substitution reaction called radical halogenation. This reaction has three steps: initiation, propagation, and termination, as seen in the radical chlorination of methane to produce methyl chloride.
In the initiation step of the reaction, the chlorine molecule undergoes homolytic cleavage in the presence of light or heat, forming two highly reactive chlorine radicals. Propagation occurs in two...
Radical Substitution: Allylic Chlorination01:31

Radical Substitution: Allylic Chlorination

Typically, when alkenes react with halogens at low temperatures, an addition reaction occurs. However, upon increasing the temperature or under reaction conditions that form radicals, providing a low but steady concentration of halogen radicals, allylic substitution reaction is favored. This is because allylic hydrogens are very reactive as the formed intermediate is resonance stabilized. For example, when propene is treated with chlorine in the gas phase at 400 °C, it undergoes allylic...

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関連する実験動画

Updated: Jul 9, 2026

The Synthesis of [Sn10(Si(SiMe3)3)4]2- Using a Metastable Sn(I) Halide Solution Synthesized via a Co-condensation Technique
12:43

The Synthesis of [Sn10(Si(SiMe3)3)4]2- Using a Metastable Sn(I) Halide Solution Synthesized via a Co-condensation Technique

Published on: November 28, 2016

"超原子"は,ハロゲン化アルミニウムクラスターに存在するのでしょうか?

Young-Kyu Han1, Jaehoon Jung

  • 1Computational Chemistry Laboratory, Corporate R&D, LG Chem, Ltd., Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-380, Korea.

Journal of the American Chemical Society
|December 11, 2007
PubMed
まとめ
この要約は機械生成です。

ハロゲン化アルミニウムクラスターは,超原子化学ではなく,固有の魔法の性質によって安定しています. 電子負の元素は分子軌道に干渉し,金属クラスター-リガンドの相互作用に類似したアルミニウムコアを安定させます.

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Computation of Atmospheric Concentrations of Molecular Clusters from ab initio Thermochemistry
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Computation of Atmospheric Concentrations of Molecular Clusters from ab initio Thermochemistry

Published on: April 8, 2020

Spatial Separation of Molecular Conformers and Clusters
10:37

Spatial Separation of Molecular Conformers and Clusters

Published on: January 9, 2014

関連する実験動画

Last Updated: Jul 9, 2026

The Synthesis of [Sn10(Si(SiMe3)3)4]2- Using a Metastable Sn(I) Halide Solution Synthesized via a Co-condensation Technique
12:43

The Synthesis of [Sn10(Si(SiMe3)3)4]2- Using a Metastable Sn(I) Halide Solution Synthesized via a Co-condensation Technique

Published on: November 28, 2016

Computation of Atmospheric Concentrations of Molecular Clusters from ab initio Thermochemistry
12:11

Computation of Atmospheric Concentrations of Molecular Clusters from ab initio Thermochemistry

Published on: April 8, 2020

Spatial Separation of Molecular Conformers and Clusters
10:37

Spatial Separation of Molecular Conformers and Clusters

Published on: January 9, 2014

科学分野:

  • 無機化学 無機化学とは
  • マテリアルサイエンス 材料科学
  • 量子化学とは,量子化学である.

背景:

  • アルミニウムクラスター (Aln) は,ユニークな電子および構造的特性のために研究されています.
  • 超原子化学とクラスターマジックナンバーの概念は,クラスターの安定性を説明するためにしばしば呼び出されます.
  • クラスターの性質を変更する電子負の要素の役割については,さらなる調査が必要である.

研究 の 目的:

  • ハロゲン化アルミニウムクラスター (AlnXx) の安定性と電子構造を調査する.
  • これらのクラスターの安定性の向上を,超原子化学やその他の要因が説明するかどうかを判断する.
  • クラスターの構成と電子的干渉の関係を探求する.

主な方法:

  • 理論的な計算を用いて,ハロゲン化アルミニウムクラスターの電子構造と安定性を研究した.
  • ハロゲン原子の存在によって誘発される分子軌道乱動の分析.
  • 安定性の傾向を確立されたクラスターマジックナンバー現象と超原子モデルと比較.

主要な成果:

  • ハロゲン化アルミニウムクラスターは,超原子の特徴を示さない.
  • 強化された安定性は,クラスターの固有の魔法の性質に起因する.
  • 電子陰性ハロゲン置換剤は,分子軌道を著しく混乱させ,電陽性アルミニウムコアを安定させます.

結論:

  • 超原子化学は,ハロゲン化アルミニウムクラスターの安定性の主要な要因ではありません.
  • 観測された安定性は,クラスターマジックナンバーとハロゲネーションによる電子安定化によってよく説明されています.
  • 発見は,金属クラスター-リガンド化学に関する洞察を提供し,他の関連するシステムに適用できます.