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関連する概念動画

Amino Acid Biosynthetic Pathways01:29

Amino Acid Biosynthetic Pathways

Amino acid biosynthesis is essential for cell growth, protein synthesis, and metabolic regulation. Cells generate essential and non-essential amino acids from metabolic intermediates to sustain vital biological functions. These intermediates originate from key metabolic pathways: glycolysis, the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, and the pentose phosphate pathway. Important precursors include α-ketoglutarate, pyruvate, oxaloacetate, phosphoenolpyruvate, and erythrose-4-phosphate, which provide...
Transcription Attenuation in Prokaryotes02:42

Transcription Attenuation in Prokaryotes

Transcriptional attenuation occurs when RNA transcription is prematurely terminated due to the formation of a terminator mRNA hairpin structure.  Bacteria use these hairpins to regulate the transcription process and control the synthesis of several amino acids including histidine, lysine, threonine, and phenylalanine. Transcription attenuation takes place in the non-coding regions of mRNA.
There are several different mechanisms used to attenuate transcription. In ribosome mediated...
Repressible Operon: trp Operon01:21

Repressible Operon: trp Operon

The trp operon in Escherichia coli exemplifies a repressible operon. It regulates the synthesis of tryptophan through repressor-mediated transcriptional control and attenuation. This dual regulatory mechanism ensures tryptophan biosynthesis occurs only when needed, conserving cellular resources.Structure of the trp OperonThe trp operon consists of five structural genes (trpE, trpD, trpC, trpB, and trpA) that encode enzymes for tryptophan biosynthesis. These genes are transcribed as a single...
Electron Transport Chain Components01:29

Electron Transport Chain Components

The electron transport chain (ETC) is a crucial metabolic pathway that facilitates energy conversion in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. In eukaryotes, the ETC comprises four membrane-associated protein complexes in the inner mitochondrial membrane. In prokaryotes, the ETC in the plasma membrane can vary in composition, with fewer or different complexes depending on the organism and environmental conditions. These complexes transfer electrons from electron donors, such as NADH and FADH2, to...
Protein Transport to the Thylakoids01:22

Protein Transport to the Thylakoids

Thylakoids are membrane-bound sac-like structures within the chloroplast that serve as sites for photosynthesis. Thylakoid lumen contains many electron transport proteins and is enclosed by a thylakoid membrane rich in the light-harvesting complex. Proteins targeted to the thylakoids are transported as precursors and are sorted by the general TOC/TIC import pathway. Once the precursor reaches the stroma, stromal processing peptidases remove their transit signal and expose thylakoid signal...
Energy to Drive Translocation01:37

Energy to Drive Translocation

Mitochondrial protein import is powered by two distinct energy sources: ATP hydrolysis and electrochemical potential across the inner membrane. Newly synthesized precursors are bound by cytosolic chaperones of the Hsp70 family, which guide them to the import receptors on the mitochondrial surface. Utilizing the energy of ATP hydrolysis, Hsp70 chaperones transfer these precursors to the TOM receptors on the mitochondrial outer membrane.
Generally, polypeptides are unfolded by two distinct...

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関連する実験動画

Updated: Jul 4, 2026

Radiosynthesis of 1-(2-[18F]Fluoroethyl)-L-Tryptophan using a One-pot, Two-step Protocol
08:33

Radiosynthesis of 1-(2-[18F]Fluoroethyl)-L-Tryptophan using a One-pot, Two-step Protocol

Published on: September 21, 2021

トリプトファンで加速された電子の流れは,タンパク質を通過する.

Crystal Shih1, Anna Katrine Museth, Malin Abrahamsson

  • 1Beckman Institute, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA.

Science (New York, N.Y.)
|June 28, 2008
PubMed
まとめ

生物学的電荷輸送は,多段階の電子トンネリングによって強化されます. トリプトファンの残留は,Pseudomonas aeruginosa azurin.の金属リドックスセンター間の電子転送を著しく加速する.

さらに関連する動画

PCR Mutagenesis, Cloning, Expression, Fast Protein Purification Protocols and Crystallization of the Wild Type and Mutant Forms of Tryptophan Synthase
09:31

PCR Mutagenesis, Cloning, Expression, Fast Protein Purification Protocols and Crystallization of the Wild Type and Mutant Forms of Tryptophan Synthase

Published on: September 26, 2020

Chemical Modification of the Tryptophan Residue in a Recombinant Ca2+-ATPase N-domain for Studying Tryptophan-ANS FRET
12:07

Chemical Modification of the Tryptophan Residue in a Recombinant Ca2+-ATPase N-domain for Studying Tryptophan-ANS FRET

Published on: October 9, 2021

関連する実験動画

Last Updated: Jul 4, 2026

Radiosynthesis of 1-(2-[18F]Fluoroethyl)-L-Tryptophan using a One-pot, Two-step Protocol
08:33

Radiosynthesis of 1-(2-[18F]Fluoroethyl)-L-Tryptophan using a One-pot, Two-step Protocol

Published on: September 21, 2021

PCR Mutagenesis, Cloning, Expression, Fast Protein Purification Protocols and Crystallization of the Wild Type and Mutant Forms of Tryptophan Synthase
09:31

PCR Mutagenesis, Cloning, Expression, Fast Protein Purification Protocols and Crystallization of the Wild Type and Mutant Forms of Tryptophan Synthase

Published on: September 26, 2020

Chemical Modification of the Tryptophan Residue in a Recombinant Ca2+-ATPase N-domain for Studying Tryptophan-ANS FRET
12:07

Chemical Modification of the Tryptophan Residue in a Recombinant Ca2+-ATPase N-domain for Studying Tryptophan-ANS FRET

Published on: October 9, 2021

科学分野:

  • バイオケミストリー バイオケミストリー
  • 分子生物学は分子生物学である.
  • スペクトロスコーピーは,スペクトロスコーピーを用います.

背景:

  • 生物学的エネルギーフローは,長距離の分子にわたって効率的な電荷輸送に依存しています.
  • リドックス活性アミノ酸によって媒介される多段階の電子トンネリングは,電荷移転率を高めることができます.

研究 の 目的:

  • 遠隔の金属リドックスセンター間の電子転送を促進する間接トリプトファン残留物の役割を定量化するために.
  • 変異した Pseudomonas aeruginosa azurin.の電子伝送メカニズムを調査するために.

主な方法:

  • トランジエント光学スペクトロスコピー
  • 赤外線スペクトロスコーピーは,赤外線スペクトロスコーピーを用います.
  • キネティクスモデリング
  • Pseudomonas aeruginosa azurinのサイト指向型変異を生成する.

主要な成果:

  • Cu(I) と光刺激されたRe(I) -ダイミンの間の電子転送は,ナノ秒で発生しました.
  • この速度は,19アングストームの距離のシングルステップトンネル掘削の予測よりも2倍の速さでした.
  • 位置122のトリプトファン残留は,電子伝送プロセスを大幅に促進しました.

結論:

  • トリプトファンのような反応性酸化還元活性アミノ酸の介入は,生物学的電荷輸送速度を劇的に高めることができます.
  • 多段階の電子トンネリングは,タンパク質の効率的な長距離電子伝送のための実行可能なメカニズムです.
  • この発見は,生物学的システムにおけるエネルギーフローの理解に意味を持つ.