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関連する概念動画

Translation01:31

Translation

Lesson: Translation
Translation is the process of synthesizing proteins from the genetic information carried by messenger RNA (mRNA). Following transcription, it constitutes the final step in the expression of genes. This process is carried out by ribosomes, complexes of protein and specialized RNA molecules. Ribosomes, transfer RNA (tRNA), and other proteins produce a chain of amino acids—the polypeptide—as the end product of translation.
Translation Produces the Building Blocks of Life
From DNA to Protein03:06

From DNA to Protein

The flow of genetic information in cells from DNA to mRNA to protein is described by the central dogma, which states that genes specify the sequence of mRNAs, which in turn specify the sequence of amino acids making up all proteins. The decoding of one molecule to another is performed by specific proteins and RNAs. Because the information stored in DNA is so central to cellular function, it makes intuitive sense that the cell would make mRNA copies of this information for protein synthesis...
Improving Translational Accuracy02:07

Improving Translational Accuracy

Base complementarity between the three base pairs of mRNA codon and the tRNA anticodon is not a failsafe mechanism. Inaccuracies can range from a single mismatch to no correct base pairing at all. The free energy difference between the correct and nearly correct base pairs can be as small as 3 kcal/ mol. With complementarity being the only proofreading step, the estimated error frequency would be one wrong amino acid in every 100 amino acids incorporated. However, error frequencies observed in...
Proteins: From Genes to Degradation02:11

Proteins: From Genes to Degradation

Within a biological system, the DNA encodes the RNA, and the nucleotide sequence in the RNA further defines the amino acid sequence in the protein. This is referred to as “The Central Dogma of Molecular Biology” - a term coined by Francis Crick.  Central dogma is a firm principle in biology that defines the flow of genetic information within any life form. The two fundamental steps in central dogma are - transcription and translation.
Transcription is the synthesis of RNA molecules by RNA...
Translation01:31

Translation

Lesson: Translation
Translation is the process of synthesizing proteins from the genetic information carried by messenger RNA (mRNA). Following transcription, it constitutes the final step in the expression of genes. This process is carried out by ribosomes, complexes of protein and specialized RNA molecules. Ribosomes, transfer RNA (tRNA), and other proteins produce a chain of amino acids—the polypeptide—as the end product of translation.
Translation Produces the Building Blocks of Life
Proteins: From Genes to Degradation02:11

Proteins: From Genes to Degradation

Within a biological system, the DNA encodes the RNA, and the nucleotide sequence in the RNA further defines the amino acid sequence in the protein. This is referred to as “The Central Dogma of Molecular Biology” - a term coined by Francis Crick.  Central dogma is a firm principle in biology that defines the flow of genetic information within any life form. The two fundamental steps in central dogma are - transcription and translation.
Transcription is the synthesis of RNA molecules by RNA...

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関連する実験動画

Updated: Jun 25, 2026

Optimization of Synthetic Proteins: Identification of Interpositional Dependencies Indicating Structurally and/or Functionally Linked Residues
07:08

Optimization of Synthetic Proteins: Identification of Interpositional Dependencies Indicating Structurally and/or Functionally Linked Residues

Published on: July 14, 2015

誤翻訳によって引き起こされるタンパク質の誤折れは,コーディングシーケンス進化の支配的な制約である.

D Allan Drummond1, Claus O Wilke

  • 1FAS Center for Systems Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA. dadrummond@cgr.harvard.edu

Cell
|July 30, 2008
PubMed
まとめ

リボソームのエラーによって引き起こされる有毒な誤折れタンパク質に対する選択は,種間の遺伝子進化と発現パターンを説明します. この発見は,分子進化と神経変性疾患の理解に影響を与える.

科学分野:

  • 進化生物学の進化生物学について
  • 分子生物学は分子生物学である.
  • 遺伝学 遺伝学とは

背景:

  • コード配列の進化率と種全体における遺伝子発現レベルの間には一貫した相関関係がある.
  • これらの相関を誘発する根本的な選択的圧力が議論されている.
  • 以前の研究では,配列の進化,コドン使用,mRNAレベルにおける傾向が示されましたが,統一的な原因は不明でした.

研究 の 目的:

  • 配列進化,コドン使用,および多様な種におけるmRNAレベル間の共変性の保存パターンを実証する.
  • これらの観察された傾向の基礎にある統一された選択的圧力を特定する.
  • これらの進化パターンを駆動する分子機構を提案し,検証する.

主な方法:

  • E. coli,酵母,ワーム,ハエ,マウス,およびヒトにおける配列進化,コドン使用,およびmRNAレベルの比較分析.
  • リボソームエラーとタンパク質の誤折りによる影響をモデル化するための分子レベルの進化シミュレーション.
  • メタゾーン組織,特にニューロンにおける傾向の分析.

主要な成果:

  • 共同変異の保存パターンは,研究されたすべての種にわたって観察され,統一された選択的圧力を示唆しました.

さらに関連する動画

Measurement of Specific Mycobacterial Mistranslation Rates with Gain-of-function Reporter Systems
06:18

Measurement of Specific Mycobacterial Mistranslation Rates with Gain-of-function Reporter Systems

Published on: April 26, 2019

Optical Tweezers to Study RNA-Protein Interactions in Translation Regulation
12:26

Optical Tweezers to Study RNA-Protein Interactions in Translation Regulation

Published on: February 12, 2022

関連する実験動画

Last Updated: Jun 25, 2026

Optimization of Synthetic Proteins: Identification of Interpositional Dependencies Indicating Structurally and/or Functionally Linked Residues
07:08

Optimization of Synthetic Proteins: Identification of Interpositional Dependencies Indicating Structurally and/or Functionally Linked Residues

Published on: July 14, 2015

Measurement of Specific Mycobacterial Mistranslation Rates with Gain-of-function Reporter Systems
06:18

Measurement of Specific Mycobacterial Mistranslation Rates with Gain-of-function Reporter Systems

Published on: April 26, 2019

Optical Tweezers to Study RNA-Protein Interactions in Translation Regulation
12:26

Optical Tweezers to Study RNA-Protein Interactions in Translation Regulation

Published on: February 12, 2022

  • これらの傾向は,タンパク質の誤折りへの感受性に関連したニューロン組織で最も顕著でした.
  • シミュレーションにより,リボソームの誤りから生じる,誤った折りたたまれたタンパク質からの毒性に対する選択が,観察された共変性を生み出すことが示されました.

    • 結論:

    • 間違った折りたたまれたタンパク質の毒性に対する選択は,配列の進化,コドン使用,およびmRNAレベル間の観察された共変性の主要な原動力です.
    • 提案されたモデルは,機能的選択を検出するための非同義語対同義語置換比 (Ka/Ks) の有用性に異議を唱える.
    • 誤翻訳は,神経変性疾患の病因において重要な役割を果たす可能性がある.