水素結合は,ソルバテッドヌクレオフィルの固有ヌクレオフィリティを低下させる
1Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-5080, USA.
Journal of the American Chemical Society
|October 22, 2008
まとめ
置換されたアルコキシドは,固有の変化ではなく,より弱い熱力学的駆動力による低核好性を示します. しかし,水素結合は,固有のバリアの高さを高めることによって,反応性に直接影響を及ぼします.
科学分野:
- 有機化学 オーガニック・ケミストリー
- 物理化学 物理化学
- コンピューティング・ケミストリー
背景:
- 核愛性は有機化学の中心であり,核愛者の構造と環境の影響を受けます.
- 核好性に対する溶解効果を理解することは,反応結果の予測に極めて重要です.
- アルコキシドは,核愛体に及ぼす微溶解効果を研究するために理想的なモデルシステムとして機能します.
研究 の 目的:
- ガス相におけるアルコキシド核好性に対する機能群置換の影響を定量化する.
- マーカス理論を用いて,固有の核好性と熱力学的貢献を区別する.
- 核愛反応性におけるイオン二極,イオン誘導二極,水素結合相互作用の特定の役割を明らかにする.
主な方法:
- 置換されたアルコキシドの一連の核好性のガス相測定.
- マーカス理論を応用して,核好性を内在的および熱力学的成分に分解する.
- イオン二極,イオン誘発二極,水素結合相互作用を含む置換物効果の分析.
主要な成果:
- 置換されたアルコキシドの表面的な核好性は,置換されていないアルコキシドよりも一貫して低い.
- イオン対極とイオン誘発対極の相互作用は,本質的な核好性ではなく,主に熱力学的原動力に影響します.
- 水素結合は,ヌクレオフィルを著しく安定させ,固有のバリアの高さを3-4 kcal/mol.増加させます.
結論:
- 核好性に対する置換効果は,固有の反応性と熱力学的好意性のバランスである.
- 水素結合は単なる安定作用ではなく,直接的な電子的干渉として作用します.
- これらの発見は,核愛置換反応のプロティック溶媒とアプロティック溶媒の比較で観察された反応性の低下に関する重要な洞察を提供します.
さらに関連する動画
08:40Synthesis of Metal Nanoparticles Supported on Carbon Nanotube with Doped Co and N Atoms and its Catalytic Applications in Hydrogen Production
Published on: December 6, 2021
06:44Hydrolysis of a Ni-Schiff-Base Complex Using Conditions Suitable for Retention of Acid-labile Protecting Groups
Published on: April 6, 2017
関連する概念動画
Nucleophiles
The word “nucleophile” has a Greek root and translates to nucleus-loving. Nucleophiles are either negatively charged or neutral species with a pair of electrons in a high-energy occupied molecular orbital (HOMO). As these species tend to donate electron pairs, nucleophiles are considered Lewis bases as well. Negatively charged species, like OH−, Cl−, or HS−, with one or several pairs of electrons, are typically nucleophiles. Similarly, neutral species such as ammonia, amines, water, and alcohol...
Hydrogen Bonds
A hydrogen bond is formed when a weakly positive hydrogen atom already bonded to one electronegative atom (for example, the oxygen in the water molecule) is attracted to another electronegative atom from another polar molecule, such as water (H2O), hydrogen fluoride (HF), or ammonia (NH3). The huge electronegativity difference between the H atom (2.1) and the atom to which it is bonded (4.0 for an F atom, 3.5 for an O atom, or 3.0 for an N atom), combined with the very small size of an H atom...
Hydrogen Bonds
Hydrogen BondsHydrogen bonds are weak attractions between atoms that have formed other chemical bonds. One of these atoms is electronegative, like oxygen, and has a partial negative charge. The other is a hydrogen atom that has bonded with another electronegative atom and has a partial positive charge.Hydrogen Bonds Control the World!Because hydrogen has very weak electronegativity when it binds with a strongly electronegative atom, such as oxygen or nitrogen, electrons in the bond are...
Electrophiles
This lesson explains the definition, classification, and characteristic features of an electrophile that are key features of nucleophilic substitution reactions. An analysis of their charge and orbital picture helps understand their reactivity for seeking electrons. Electrophiles can be classified into positive and neutral species. Other classes include free radicals and polar functional groups.
While a positive electrophile, like a proton, reacts due to its vacant, low-energy 1s orbital, the...
While a positive electrophile, like a proton, reacts due to its vacant, low-energy 1s orbital, the...
Solvating Effects
An understanding of the solvating effect helps rationalize the relation between solvation and acidity of the compound. In addition, this also explains the relative stability of conjugate bases for compounds with different pKa values. This lesson details, in-depth, the principle of solvating effects. The strength of an acid and the stability of its corresponding conjugate base are determined using pKa values. This observed relationship is a consequence of solvation, which is the interaction...
Alkyl Halides
Structural Properties
Alkyl halides are halogen-substituted alkanes wherein one or more hydrogen atoms of an alkane is replaced by a halogen atom such as fluorine, chlorine, bromine, or iodine. The carbon atom in an alkyl halide is bonded to the halogen atom, which is sp3-hybridized and exhibits a tetrahedral shape.
Unlike alkyl halides, compounds in which a halogen atom is bonded to an sp2 -hybridized carbon atom of a carbon-carbon double bond (C=C) are called vinyl halides. Whereas aryl...
Alkyl halides are halogen-substituted alkanes wherein one or more hydrogen atoms of an alkane is replaced by a halogen atom such as fluorine, chlorine, bromine, or iodine. The carbon atom in an alkyl halide is bonded to the halogen atom, which is sp3-hybridized and exhibits a tetrahedral shape.
Unlike alkyl halides, compounds in which a halogen atom is bonded to an sp2 -hybridized carbon atom of a carbon-carbon double bond (C=C) are called vinyl halides. Whereas aryl...
