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Forced Transdifferentiation01:28

Forced Transdifferentiation

1.5K
Transdifferentiation, also known as lineage reprogramming, was first discovered by Selman and Kafatos in 1974 in silkmoths. They observed that the moths’ cuticle-producing cells transformed into salt-producing cells. Many such cases of natural transdifferentiation occur in organisms. In humans, pancreatic alpha cells can become beta cells. In newts, the loss of the eye’s lens causes the pigmented epithelial cells to transdifferentiate into the lens cells.
Artificial...
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Transducer Mechanism: G Protein–Coupled Receptors01:30

Transducer Mechanism: G Protein–Coupled Receptors

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G Protein–Coupled Receptors (GPCRs) are membrane-bound receptors that transiently associate with heterotrimeric G proteins and induce an appropriate response to various stimuli. GPCRs regulate critical physiological pathways and are excellent drug targets for treating diseases such as diabetes, cancer, obesity, depression, or Alzheimer's. Nearly 35% of approved drugs implement their therapeutic effects by selectively interacting with specific GPCRs.
GPCRs are also called heptahelical,...
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Transducer Mechanism: Enzyme-Linked Receptors01:27

Transducer Mechanism: Enzyme-Linked Receptors

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Enzyme-linked receptors are cell-surface receptors acting as an enzyme or associating with an enzyme intracellularly. They make excellent drug targets. Drugs can bind to the extracellular ligand-binding domain or directly affect their enzymatic domain and alter their activity.
Major types that are helpful drug targets include:
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Transducer Mechanism: Nuclear Receptors01:31

Transducer Mechanism: Nuclear Receptors

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Nuclear receptors, or NRs, are unique transcription factors that regulate gene transcription and affect the cellular pathways involved in reproduction, development, or metabolism. Their ability to be stimulated by small lipophilic ligands and control vital cellular processes makes them ideal drug targets. Nearly 10-15% of currently prescribed drugs target these receptors.
About 48 different soluble family members of nuclear receptors are identified that can be divided into two main classes:
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Repressible Operon: trp Operon01:21

Repressible Operon: trp Operon

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The trp operon in Escherichia coli exemplifies a repressible operon. It regulates the synthesis of tryptophan through repressor-mediated transcriptional control and attenuation. This dual regulatory mechanism ensures tryptophan biosynthesis occurs only when needed, conserving cellular resources.Structure of the trp OperonThe trp operon consists of five structural genes (trpE, trpD, trpC, trpB, and trpA) that encode enzymes for tryptophan biosynthesis. These genes are transcribed as a single...
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Translational Regulation01:29

Translational Regulation

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Translational regulation in prokaryotes ensures efficient protein synthesis by controlling ribosome access to mRNA. This regulation is mediated by secondary RNA structures, including translational riboswitches, RNA thermometers, and small RNAs (sRNAs), which respond to intracellular and environmental signals to modulate gene expression.Translational RiboswitchesRiboswitches in the leader region of mRNAs can regulate translation by altering the accessibility of the Shine-Dalgarno (SD) sequence,...
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High Efficiency Differentiation of Human Pluripotent Stem Cells to Cardiomyocytes and Characterization by Flow Cytometry
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High Efficiency Differentiation of Human Pluripotent Stem Cells to Cardiomyocytes and Characterization by Flow Cytometry

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ヒトの組織トランスクリプトームにおける代替的異形調節

Eric T Wang1, Rickard Sandberg, Shujun Luo

  • 1Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.

Nature
|November 4, 2008
PubMed
まとめ
この要約は機械生成です。

ほとんどのヒトの遺伝子 (92~94%) は,代替スプライシングを経て,多様なmRNAとタンパク質の同型を生成する. これらのスプライシングイベントにおける組織特有の差異は一般的であり,遺伝子発現に影響を与える調整された規制を示唆しています.

さらに関連する動画

Mechanism of Regulation of Adipocyte Numbers in Adult Organisms Through Differentiation and Apoptosis Homeostasis
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Modified Heterotopic Abdominal Heart Transplantation and a Novel Aortic Regurgitation Model in Rats
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High Efficiency Differentiation of Human Pluripotent Stem Cells to Cardiomyocytes and Characterization by Flow Cytometry
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High Efficiency Differentiation of Human Pluripotent Stem Cells to Cardiomyocytes and Characterization by Flow Cytometry

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Mechanism of Regulation of Adipocyte Numbers in Adult Organisms Through Differentiation and Apoptosis Homeostasis
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Modified Heterotopic Abdominal Heart Transplantation and a Novel Aortic Regurgitation Model in Rats
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科学分野:

  • ゲノミクスゲノミクスとは
  • 分子生物学は分子生物学である.
  • トランスクリプトミクス (Transcriptomics) とは

背景:

  • 哺乳類の遺伝子は,代替的な前伝達 RNA 処理を通じて複数の mRNA とタンパク質 アイソフォームを生成します.
  • これらのアイソフォームは,関連,異なった,または対極な機能を表すことができます.

研究 の 目的:

  • 多様なヒト組織と細胞系における遺伝子とmRNAの同型発現の詳細な分析を行う.
  • 代替スプライシングとポリアデニレーションの有病率と組織特有の変化を定量化する.

主な方法:

  • 15人のヒトのトランスクリプトームから得られた補完的なDNA断片の深層配列解析.
  • マッピングシーケンスは,エクソン-エクソン交差点を読み取り,代替スプライシングイベントを特定します.
  • アイソフォーム特有の読み取り密度を分析して,表現レベルと変化を定量化します.

主要な成果:

  • 人間の遺伝子の92%~94%が代替スプライシングを受け,86%が>=15%の頻度で軽微な異形を有する.
  • 代替スプライシングおよびポリアデニレーションのイベントは,組織間での有意な変化を示しますが,個体間では少ないです.
  • 組織特異のスプライシング規制は,保護された規制領域と,全長オープン読書フレームの生成に関連しています.

結論:

  • オルタナティブ・スプライシング,オルタナティブ・クリバージュ,ポリアデニレーションは,ヒトの遺伝子発現において,高度に蔓延し,協調されたプロセスである.
  • これらのイベントの組織特異的な規制は,共通の規制要因を示唆する重要な特徴です.
  • アイソフォームの多様性を理解することは,異なる生物学的文脈における遺伝子機能と調節を理解するために不可欠です.