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Blood Flow01:29

Blood Flow

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Blood is pumped by the heart into the aorta, the largest artery in the body, and then into increasingly smaller arteries, arterioles, and capillaries. The velocity of blood flow decreases with increased cross-sectional blood vessel area. As blood returns to the heart through venules and veins, its velocity increases. The movement of blood is encouraged by smooth muscle in the vessel walls, the movement of skeletal muscle surrounding the vessels, and one-way valves that prevent backflow.
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Hematopoiesis01:21

Hematopoiesis

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The process of blood cell formation is called hematopoiesis. Hematopoiesis starts early during development, on the seventh day of embryogenesis. This phase of hematopoiesis is called the primitive wave, wherein the extraembryonic yolk sac allows the production of erythroid cells and endothelial cells from a common precursor called hemangioblast. The erythroid cells provide oxygen to support the growth of the rapidly dividing embryo. Hemangioblasts later develop into hematopoietic stem cells or...
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Overview of Hematopoiesis01:20

Overview of Hematopoiesis

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Hematopoiesis, or blood cell production, is a vital biological process that begins early in embryonic development and continues throughout life. This process generates the various types of cells found in blood, including red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets from hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs).
Developmental Phases of Hematopoiesis
Initially, HSCs are formed in the embryonic yolk sac, a critical site for early blood cell production. These stem cells subsequently migrate to other...
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Production of Formed Elements01:34

Production of Formed Elements

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Hemangioblasts are multipotent stem cells originating from the mesoderm. They give rise to hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), which undergo hematopoiesis to produce all the formed elements of blood. This process is regulated by a complex network of hematopoietic growth factors, including transcription factors, growth factors, and cytokines. These factors stimulate the HSCs to divide and differentiate, though some HSCs remain undifferentiated to maintain a self-renewing pool.
Most HSCs commit to...
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Structure of Blood Vessels01:15

Structure of Blood Vessels

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Blood is circulated throughout the human body through a network of blood vessels called the circulatory system. This system includes arteries that transport blood from the heart to various body parts. These arterial pathways divide into smaller vessels until they reach the arterioles, which further split into capillaries. It is within these minuscule capillaries that the exchange of nutrients and waste products takes place. After this exchange, the blood is collected by venules, which fuse to...
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Development of Blood Vessels01:07

Development of Blood Vessels

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The development of the vascular system in a fetus is a complex and intricate process that begins as early as 15 to 16 days post-conception. This process starts outside the embryo, specifically in the mesoderm of the yolk sac, chorion, and connecting stalk. Approximately two days later, the formation of blood vessels occurs within the embryo itself.
The initial formation of this system is facilitated by the small amount of yolk present in the ovum and yolk sac. Blood vessels originate from...
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Endothelialized Microfluidics for Studying Microvascular Interactions in Hematologic Diseases
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造血幹細胞の発達は,血液の流れに依存しています.

Trista E North1, Wolfram Goessling, Marian Peeters

  • 1Stem Cell Program and Hematology/Oncology, Children's Hospital, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.

Cell
|May 20, 2009
PubMed
まとめ

血液の流れは,脊椎動物の胚形成中に発生する血液生成性幹細胞 (HSC) の形成の保存レギュレータである. 酸化窒素 (NO) は下流媒介体として作用し,大動脈 - 膠質 - メソネフロス領域におけるHSCの発達に不可欠です.

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Flow Cytometry Analysis of Murine Bone Marrow Hematopoietic Stem and Progenitor Cells and Stromal Niche Cells
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Author Spotlight: Studying hiPSC-Derived Endothelial Cells Cultured Under Fluidic-Mediated Mechanical Stimulation
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科学分野:

  • 発達生物学 発達生物学について
  • ヘマトポエーシス (血液形成) とは
  • 血管生物学 血管生物学

背景:

  • 造血幹細胞 (HSC) は,血液形成に不可欠であり,脊椎動物の胚形成中に大動脈-帯-メソネフロス (AGM) 領域から発生します.
  • 恒例会でのHSCの出現を規制する正確な規制メカニズムは,依然として活発な研究分野です.

研究 の 目的:

  • HSC形成の保存レギュレータとしての血流の役割を調査する.
  • フローメディエートされたHSC開発に関与する下流信号伝達経路を特定する.

主な方法:

  • 血液循環に影響を与える化学的血流調節器と遺伝子変異 (静かな心臓変異体) を含むゼブラフィッシュモデルを使用した.
  • 施用された酸化窒素 (NO) ドナーと,ゼブラフィッシュにおけるノス1 (nnos/enos) のモルフォリノノックダウンを使用した.
  • 子宮内NO阻害と胚内No3欠乏症のマウスモデルを試験した.

主要な成果:

  • 血流障害のあるゼブラフィッシュの胚は,HSCが著しく減少したことを示した.
  • NOドナーは,循環開始前に投与された場合でも,流れ障害のゼブラフィッシュのHSC発達を救いました.
  • 斑馬魚におけるNo.1のノックダウンは細胞自律的であり,ネズミにおけるNo.3の欠乏は,血液形成のクラスターと移植可能なHSCを減少させた.

結論:

  • 血流は,AGM領域におけるHSC発達の保存レギュラーである.
  • 酸化窒素 (NO) は,HSC形成の血流依存の調節における重要な下流媒介である.
  • この研究は,血管の動態と血液形成の初期段階との間にある直接的な関係を確立しています.