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Retroviruses02:33

Retroviruses

Retroviruses and retrotransposons both insert copies of their genetic elements into the genome of the host cell. Thus, the viral genes are passed on when the host genome is replicated or translated. A typical retroviral DNA sequence contains 3-4 genes that encode the different proteins required for its structural assembly and function as a molecular parasite. This DNA is transcribed into a single mRNA, which is very similar in structure to conventional mRNAs, i.e., it is capped at the 5’...
Retrovirus Life Cycles01:10

Retrovirus Life Cycles

Retroviruses have a single-stranded RNA genome that undergoes a special form of replication. Once the retrovirus has entered the host cell, an enzyme called reverse transcriptase synthesizes double-stranded DNA from the retroviral RNA genome. This DNA copy of the genome is then integrated into the host’s genome inside the nucleus via an enzyme called integrase. Consequently, the retroviral genome is transcribed into RNA whenever the host’s genome is transcribed, allowing the retrovirus to...
Size and Structure of Viral Genomes01:26

Size and Structure of Viral Genomes

Viral genomes exhibit remarkable diversity in size, structure, and composition, influencing their replication strategies and interactions with host cells. These genomes consist of either DNA or RNA and may be linear or circular. Additionally, they can be single-stranded or double-stranded, with each configuration affecting how the virus propagates within a host. RNA viruses, for instance, generally have smaller genomes than DNA viruses, a factor that contributes to their high mutation rates and...
Mechanisms of Retrovirus-induced Cancers01:51

Mechanisms of Retrovirus-induced Cancers

Retroviruses are RNA viruses that have been shown to cause cancers in diverse species, including chickens, mice, cats, and monkeys. The RNA genomes of these viruses are first reverse-transcribed into single and then double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) copies. This dsDNA called proviral DNA then integrates into the host genome. Subsequently, the host cell transcribes the proviral DNA in concert with the chromosomal DNA. This leads to the production of viral RNA and proteins that assemble at the host...
Mechanisms of Retrovirus-induced Cancers01:51

Mechanisms of Retrovirus-induced Cancers

Retroviruses are RNA viruses that have been shown to cause cancers in diverse species, including chickens, mice, cats, and monkeys. The RNA genomes of these viruses are first reverse-transcribed into single and then double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) copies. This dsDNA called proviral DNA then integrates into the host genome. Subsequently, the host cell transcribes the proviral DNA in concert with the chromosomal DNA. This leads to the production of viral RNA and proteins that assemble at the host...
LTR Retrotransposons03:08

LTR Retrotransposons

LTR retrotransposons are class I transposable elements with long terminal repeats flanking an internal coding region. These elements are less abundant in mammals compared to other class I transposable elements. About 8 percent of human genomic DNA comprises LTR retrotransposons. Some of the common examples of LTR retrotransposons are Ty elements in yeast and Copia elements in Drosophila.
The internal coding region of LTR retrotransposons and their mechanism of transposition closely resembles a...

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Updated: Jun 20, 2026

Amplification, Next-generation Sequencing, and Genomic DNA Mapping of Retroviral Integration Sites
09:31

Amplification, Next-generation Sequencing, and Genomic DNA Mapping of Retroviral Integration Sites

Published on: March 22, 2016

複雑なレトロウイルスのマクロ進化

Aris Katzourakis1, Robert J Gifford, Michael Tristem

  • 1Zoology Department, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PS, UK. aris.katzourakis@zoo.ox.ac.uk

Science (New York, N.Y.)
|September 19, 2009
PubMed
まとめ
この要約は機械生成です。

研究者らは,スレートゲノムに古代の泡状ウイルスの化石を発見し,哺乳類との1億年以上のウイルスの共同融合を明らかにした. この発見は,進化の衝突と宿主-病原体ダイナミクスに光を当てています.

さらに関連する動画

Amplification of Near Full-length HIV-1 Proviruses for Next-Generation Sequencing
10:18

Amplification of Near Full-length HIV-1 Proviruses for Next-Generation Sequencing

Published on: October 16, 2018

Single Cell Micro-aspiration as an Alternative Strategy to Fluorescence-activated Cell Sorting for Giant Virus Mixture Separation
09:50

Single Cell Micro-aspiration as an Alternative Strategy to Fluorescence-activated Cell Sorting for Giant Virus Mixture Separation

Published on: October 27, 2019

関連する実験動画

Last Updated: Jun 20, 2026

Amplification, Next-generation Sequencing, and Genomic DNA Mapping of Retroviral Integration Sites
09:31

Amplification, Next-generation Sequencing, and Genomic DNA Mapping of Retroviral Integration Sites

Published on: March 22, 2016

Amplification of Near Full-length HIV-1 Proviruses for Next-Generation Sequencing
10:18

Amplification of Near Full-length HIV-1 Proviruses for Next-Generation Sequencing

Published on: October 16, 2018

Single Cell Micro-aspiration as an Alternative Strategy to Fluorescence-activated Cell Sorting for Giant Virus Mixture Separation
09:50

Single Cell Micro-aspiration as an Alternative Strategy to Fluorescence-activated Cell Sorting for Giant Virus Mixture Separation

Published on: October 27, 2019

科学分野:

  • ウイルス学 ウイルス学 ウイルス学
  • パレオゲノミクスとは
  • 進化生物学の進化生物学について

背景:

  • 内生レトロウイルス (ERV) は,宿主における過去のウイルス感染症のゲノム化石記録を提供します.
  • 哺乳類に感染する複雑なレトロウイルスの一種である発泡性ウイルス (FV) は,このゲノム記録にほとんど含まれていません.
  • FVの進化史を理解することは,宿主-病原体相互作用を解読する上で極めて重要です.

研究 の 目的:

  • 哺乳類における発泡性ウイルスの進化史を調査する.
  • ホストのゲノム内の内生性発泡性ウイルスの証拠を特定する.
  • 発泡性ウイルスと哺乳類の共変異の時間スケールとその進化的影響を探求する.

主な方法:

  • レトロウイルスの配列を特定するためにスローのDNAのゲノム解析.
  • ウイルスと宿主との間の進化的関係を確立するための系統遺伝分析.
  • ウイルスゲノム構造と宿主の免疫機構を評価するための比較ゲノミクス.

主要な成果:

  • 怠け者のゲノム内で内生発泡ウイルス (enFV) の発見.
  • 証拠によると,発泡型ウイルスが1億年以上前に哺乳類に感染していたという.
  • 発泡性ウイルスと哺乳類の宿主との間の共同収束の実証,地質学的な時代にわたって.
  • ウイルスのゲノム構造に対する進化的制約と,マクロ進化の衝突の役割の特定.

結論:

  • 発泡性ウイルスは,哺乳類における深い進化の歴史を持ち,1億年以上にわたって宿主と共存しています.
  • 内生発泡型ウイルスは,長期の宿主-病原体の進化動態に関する洞察を提供します.
  • この研究は,マクロ進化の対立がウイルスのアクセサリー遺伝子と宿主の先天的免疫に与える影響を強調しています.