動物社会における非親族間の協力

Tim Clutton-Brock¹

¹Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB3 9EJ, UK. thcb@cam.ac.uk

Nature

|November 6, 2009

まとめ

動物における協力は,必ずしも互恵に基づくものとは限りません. 非親戚同士が互いに助け合う多くの例は,直接の交換ではなく,相互主義や操作のような単純なメカニズムから生じるかもしれません.

科学分野:

動物の行動動物の行動
進化生物学の進化生物学について
社会生物学とは,社会生物学である.

背景:

関係のない個体間の協力は,動物社会では一般的です.
相互性,つまり資源やサービスの交換は,協力関係を維持するための頻繁に提案されるメカニズムです.
非人間動物における相互性の発生率と性質については,依然として議論されている.

研究の目的:

動物社会における非親族間の協力の主要な原動力としての相互性の証拠を批判的に評価する.
直接の交換がない場合に,協力的な相互作用の代替説明を探求する.
真の相互性と,相互主義や操作のような他のメカニズムを区別する.

主な方法:

動物の協力に関する既存の実証研究のレビューと分析.
異なる協力メカニズムに有利な条件を評価するための理論モデリング.
非親類協力を示す多様な動物分類の比較分析.

主要な成果:

非人間動物における厳格な相互性に対する経験的証拠は稀である.
観察された多くの協同行動は,より単純なメカニズムで説明できます.
特定の内部の相互主義と操作は,協力の重要な原動力であるようです.

結論:

動物における非親族間の協力は,互恵によってのみ維持されるものではありません.
相互主義や操作のような単純なメカニズムは,多くの協力的行為に対して,より節約的な説明を提供する.
将来の研究は,協力の進化を理解するために,これらのメカニズムを区別することに焦点を当てるべきです.

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