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Rocket Propulsion In Empty Space - II01:12

Rocket Propulsion In Empty Space - II

The motion of a rocket is governed by the conservation of momentum principle. A rocket's momentum changes by the same amount (with the opposite sign) as the ejected gases. As time goes by, the rocket's mass (which includes the mass of the remaining fuel) continuously decreases, and its velocity increases. Therefore, the principle of conservation of momentum is used to explain the dynamics of a rocket's motion. The ideal rocket equation gives the change in velocity that a rocket experiences by...
Rocket Propulsion in Empty Space - I01:13

Rocket Propulsion in Empty Space - I

The driving force for the motion of any vehicle is friction, but in the case of rocket propulsion in space, the friction force is not present. The motion of a rocket changes its velocity (and hence its momentum) by ejecting burned fuel gases, thus causing it to accelerate in the direction opposite to the velocity of the ejected fuel. In this situation, the mass and velocity of the rocket constantly change along with the total mass of ejected gases. Due to conservation of momentum, the rocket's...
Kepler's Second Law of Planetary Motion01:29

Kepler's Second Law of Planetary Motion

In the early 17th century, German astronomer and mathematician Johannes Kepler postulated three laws for the motion of planets in the solar system. His first law states that all planets orbit the Sun in an elliptical orbit, with the Sun at one of the ellipse's foci. Therefore, the distance of a planet from the Sun varies throughout its revolution around the Sun.
While in an elliptical orbit, the total energy of the planet is conserved. Therefore, the planet slows down when it is at apogee and...
Kepler's First Law of Planetary Motion01:10

Kepler's First Law of Planetary Motion

In the early 17th century, German astronomer and mathematician Johannes Kepler postulated three laws for the motion of planets in the solar system. He formulated his first two laws based on the observations of his forebears, Nikolaus Copernicus and Tycho Brahe.
Polish astronomer Nikolaus Copernicus put forth a theory that stated a heliocentric model for the solar system. According to this heliocentric theory, all the planets, including Earth, orbit the Sun in circular orbits.
On the other hand,...
Kepler's Third Law of Planetary Motion01:18

Kepler's Third Law of Planetary Motion

In the early 17th century, German astronomer and mathematician Johannes Kepler postulated three laws for the motion of planets in the solar system. In 1909, he formulated his first two laws based on the observations of his forebears, Nikolaus Copernicus and Tycho Brahe. However, in 1918, he published his third law of planetary motion, which gives a precise mathematical relationship between a planet's average distance from the Sun and the amount of time it takes to revolve around the Sun. It...
Rocket Propulsion in Gravitational Field - II01:03

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A rocket's velocity in the presence of a gravitational field is decreased by the amount of force exerted by Earth's gravitational field, which opposes the motion of the rocket. If we consider thrust, that is, the force exerted on a rocket by the exhaust gases, then a rocket's thrust is greater in outer space than in the atmosphere or on a launch pad. In fact, gases are easier to expel in a vacuum.
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Scattering And Absorption of Light in Planetary Regoliths
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E型小惑星 (2867) スタインズは,ロゼッタ号上にあるOSIRISによって撮影された.

H U Keller1, C Barbieri, D Koschny

  • 1Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research, Katlenburg-Lindau, Germany. keller@linmpi.mpg.de

Science (New York, N.Y.)
|January 9, 2010
PubMed
まとめ

ローゼッタ・ミッションは,小惑星スタインズが固い岩ではなく,瓦の山であることを明らかにした. 画像は,小惑星を再構成するYarkovsky-O'Keefe-Radzievskii-Paddack (YORP) 効果の直接的な証拠を提供します.

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科学分野:

  • 惑星科学は惑星科学である.
  • 小惑星研究研究.
  • 宇宙探査 宇宙探査

背景:

  • 欧州宇宙機関のロゼッタミッションは,太陽系の小さな天体を研究するユニークな機会を提供した.
  • 小惑星 (2867) スタインズは,彗星67P/チュリュモフ・ゲラシメンコに向かう途中で遭遇した.

研究 の 目的:

  • 小惑星 (2867) スタインズの物理的性質と表面形態の特徴を記述するために.
  • 小惑星の形状に対するヤルコフスキー・オキーフ・ラデヴィスキー・パダック (YORP) 効果の潜在的影響を調査する.

主な方法:

  • ロゼッタ宇宙船に搭載されたOSIRIS (光学,スペクトル,赤外線遠隔画像システム) カメラを用いた高解像度画像撮影.
  • クレーターや線形断層を含む表面の特徴の分析.
  • 表面の年齢とプロセスを推測するためにクレーターカウント.

主要な成果:

  • シュタインスは円形体で,実際の球体直径は5.3kmです.
  • 表面は線形断層と突出した2.1kmのクレーターを示しており,有意な色差は観測されなかった.
  • 小さなクレーターの顕著な欠如は,比較的若い表面または進行中の再表面化を示唆しています.
  • 証拠によると,スタインズは円形の瓦の山であり,YORPのスピンアップによって改造された可能性が高い.

結論:

  • OSIRISの画像は,メインベルト小惑星に作用するYORP効果の直接的な観測証拠を提供します.
  • 瓦の山としてのスタインズの形態と構成は,YORPによって引き起こされたスピン加速による重要な改造と一致しています.