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Transcription01:10

Transcription

138.2K
Overview
Transcription is the process of synthesizing RNA from a DNA sequence by RNA polymerase. It is the first step in producing a protein from a gene sequence. Additionally, many other proteins and regulatory sequences are involved in the proper synthesis of messenger RNA (mRNA). Regulation of transcription is responsible for the differentiation of all the different types of cells and often for the proper cellular response to environmental signals.
Transcription Can Produce Different Kinds...
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RNA Polymerase II Accessory Proteins02:36

RNA Polymerase II Accessory Proteins

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Proteins that regulate transcription can do so either via direct contact with RNA Polymerase or through indirect interactions facilitated by adaptors, mediators, histone-modifying proteins, and nucleosome remodelers. Direct interactions to activate transcription is seen in bacteria as well as in some eukaryotic genes. In these cases, upstream activation sequences are adjacent to the promoters, and the activator proteins interact directly with the transcriptional machinery. For example, in...
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Combinatorial Gene Control02:33

Combinatorial Gene Control

8.6K
Combinatorial gene control is the synergistic action of several transcriptional factors to regulate the expression of a single gene. The absence of one or more of these factors may lead to a significant difference in the level of gene expression or repression.
The expression of more than 30,000 genes is controlled by approximately 2000-3000 transcription factors. This is possible because a single transcription factor can recognize more than one regulatory sequence. The specificity in gene...
8.6K
Master Transcription Regulators02:23

Master Transcription Regulators

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Master transcription regulators are regulatory proteins that are predominantly responsible for regulating the expression of multiple genes. Often these genes work in concert to drive a  complex process. Activation of a master transcription regulator can lead to a cascade of transcriptional activation necessary for that outcome. These regulators can directly bind to the regulatory sequences of the various genes involved, or they can indirectly regulate transcription by binding to regulatory...
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Transcription01:17

Transcription

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Transcription is the synthesis of RNA from a DNA sequence by RNA polymerase. It is the first step in producing a protein from a gene sequence. Additionally, many other proteins and regulatory sequences are involved in correctly synthesizing messenger RNA (mRNA). Transcriptional regulation is responsible for the differentiation of different types of cells and often for the proper cellular response to environmental signals.
Transcription Can Produce Different Kinds of RNA Molecules
In eukaryotes,...
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Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming01:29

Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming

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Reprogramming alters the gene expression in somatic cells, transforming them into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells over several generations. Scientists can reprogram cells by introducing genes for four transcription factors—Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc (OSKM) by viral or non-viral methods. These factors are also known as Yamanaka factors after Shinya Yamanaka, who first generated iPS cells using mouse skin cells. Yamanaka was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2012...
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Efficient and Rapid Isolation of Early-stage Embryos from Arabidopsis thaliana Seeds
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MONOPTEROSは,移動型転写因子を調節することによって,胚の根の開始を制御します.

Alexandra Schlereth1, Barbara Möller, Weilin Liu

  • 1Entwicklungsgenetik, Zentrum für Molekularbiologie der Pflanzen (ZMBP), Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 3, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.

Nature
|March 12, 2010
PubMed
まとめ

植物の根の発達は,位置信号に依存しています. 研究者らは,TARGET OF MP (TMO) 5とTMO7を,アラビドプシスの胚の根元創始細胞を特定するために重要な新しい細胞間信号として特定しました.

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Protocols for Obtaining Zygotic and Somatic Embryos for Studying the Regulation of Early Embryo Development in the Model Legume Medicago truncatula
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科学分野:

  • 植物発達生物学 植物発達生物学
  • 分子遺伝学 分子遺伝学
  • 植物シグナル伝達経路について

背景:

  • 植物細胞のアイデンティティの獲得は,位置情報と細胞間通信に依存し,発達パターンを形成します.
  • アラビドプシスの胚形成の過程で,ヒポフィーシス (主根メリステム創始細胞) は,隣接する胚細胞からの信号によって指定されます.
  • オキシン依存型転写因子MONOPTEROS (MP) は,オキシン輸送経由で低溶解特異を駆動することが知られているが,追加の信号が必要である.

研究 の 目的:

  • 胚からヒポフィシス前駆体への細胞間信号伝達を媒介する新しいMP依存性遺伝子を特定する.
  • アラビドプシスの胚根の特異化におけるこれらの遺伝子の役割を明らかにする.

主な方法:

  • MP標的遺伝子を隔離するために,マイクロアレイベースの遺伝子発現分析.
  • アラビドプシスの変異体で特定された標的遺伝子の遺伝子解析.
  • TMO7.7のためのタンパク質の局所化と移動の分析.

主要な成果:

  • 特定されたTARGET OF MP 5 (TMO5) とTARGET OF MP 7 (TMO7) は,MPの直接転写ターゲットとして.
  • TMO5とTMO7は,胚細胞で発現するbHLH転写因子をコードする.
  • TMO5とTMO7は,MP依存のルートイニシアチブには必要であり,部分的に十分である.
  • TMO7は,胚からヒポフィシスの前駆体へと移動する,移動性細胞間信号として機能する.

結論:

  • TMO5とTMO7は,アラビドプシスの胚根の特異化のためのMP依存シグナル伝達経路の重要な構成要素である.
  • TMO7は,植物発育に関与するMP依存細胞間シグナル伝達分子の一種である.
  • このシグナル伝達経路の理解は,植物胚形成における細胞運命を決定するメカニズムについての洞察を提供します.