なぜ他人をコピーするのか? 社会的学習戦略のトーナメントからの洞察
1Centre for Social Learning and Cognitive Evolution, School of Biology, University of St. Andrews, Queen's Terrace, St. Andrews, Fife KY16 9TS, UK. ler4@st-andrews.ac.uk
Science (New York, N.Y.)
|April 10, 2010
まとめ
社会的学習,すなわち他者からの学習は,非常に効果的です. 社会的学習に大きく依存する戦略,特に情報に時間による重み付けをする戦略は,複雑な環境における混合アプローチを上回った.
科学分野:
- 行動生態学 行動生態学
- 進化生物学の進化生物学について
- コグニティブ・サイエンス コグニティブ・サイエンス
背景:
- 社会的学習は種の成功に不可欠ですが,最適な戦略は不明です.
- 社会的学習 (例えば,試行錯誤) は,社会的学習の代替手段である.
- 現在の理論は,社会的および非社会的学習を組み合わせた混合戦略を予測しています.
研究 の 目的:
- 社会的学習戦略の収益性と効果を調査する.
- 複雑な環境における適応行動の習得に最適な方法を決定する.
- 社会的学習戦略と非社会的学習戦略の成功を比較する.
主な方法:
- コンピュータ・トーナメントが開催され,さまざまなソーシャル・ラーニング・戦略が採用されました.
- 参加者は,社会的および非社会的学習を使用するための戦略を提出しました.
- 戦略は,適応的行動獲得のための複雑な環境で評価されました.
主要な成果:
- 社会的学習に大きく依存する戦略は,著しく成功しました.
- 社会的学習は,情報コストが等しい場合でも有利であった.
- 勝利した戦略である"割引マシン"は,ほとんど独占的に社会的学習を用いて,情報を獲得時間によって重み付けました.
結論:
- ソーシャル・ラーニングは,現在の理論が予測するよりも,より利益をもたらす可能性があります.
- 個人の高利回り行動の実証は,誤ってコピー機のための情報をフィルターします.
- 効果的な社会学習戦略では,社会情報,特に最近のデータに優先順位を付けます.
関連する概念動画
01:12Observational Learning
Albert Bandura's observational learning, also known as imitation or modeling, occurs when a person observes and imitates another's behavior. It is a quicker process than operant conditioning. A well-known example is the Bobo doll study, where children who saw an adult acting aggressively towards the doll were more likely to act aggressively when left alone, compared to those who observed a nonaggressive adult. Many psychologists view observational learning as a form of latent learning because...
01:13Nonconscious Mimicry
Nonconscious mimicry occurs when individuals alter their mannerisms to match the behaviors and expressions of those nearby, without intention.
01:04Social Facilitation
Not all intergroup interactions lead to negative outcomes. Sometimes, being in a group situation can improve performance. Social facilitation occurs when an individual performs better when an audience is watching than when the individual performs the behavior alone. This typically occurs when people are performing a task for which they are skilled.
01:24Social Foundations of Self I: Play and Game
The development of self in children is deeply rooted in social interactions, mainly through stages of play and structured games. These stages, outlined by sociologist George Herbert Mead, illustrate how children progressively learn to understand and adopt social roles, forming a cohesive sense of self.The Play Stage: Imitation and Simple Role-TakingIn the early years of childhood, the play stage is characterized by imitative behavior, where children engage in role-playing based on familiar...
01:21Cognitive Learning
Cognitive learning is based on purposive behavior, incidental learning, and insight learning.
E. C. Tolman's theory of purposive behavior emphasizes that much behavior is goal-directed. He argued that to understand behavior, we must look at the entire sequence of actions leading to a goal. For instance, high school students study hard, not just due to past reinforcement but also to achieve the goal of getting into a good college.
Tolman introduced the idea that behavior is influenced by...
E. C. Tolman's theory of purposive behavior emphasizes that much behavior is goal-directed. He argued that to understand behavior, we must look at the entire sequence of actions leading to a goal. For instance, high school students study hard, not just due to past reinforcement but also to achieve the goal of getting into a good college.
Tolman introduced the idea that behavior is influenced by...
00:52Social Proof
Social proof is a form of persuasion based on comparison and conformity. People compare their behavior and actions to what others are doing and will change to conform to do what their peers do.