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Neurulation01:30

Neurulation

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Neurulation is the embryological process which forms the precursors of the central nervous system and occurs after gastrulation has established the three primary cell layers of the embryo: ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. In humans, the majority of this system is formed via primary neurulation, in which the central portion of the ectoderm—originally appearing as a flat sheet of cells—folds upwards and inwards, sealing off to form a hollow neural tube. As development proceeds, the...
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Surface Appendages of Archaea01:23

Surface Appendages of Archaea

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Archaeal surface appendages are highly specialized structures essential for environmental adaptation, encompassing roles in adhesion, biofilm formation, and motility. Among these appendages, pili and archaella stand out for their distinct morphologies and functionalities, enabling archaea to thrive in diverse and often extreme environments.Pili: Adhesion and Biofilm FormationPili are filamentous structures assembled from pilin protein subunits, primarily contributing to adhesion and biofilm...
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Diversity of Protists II01:27

Diversity of Protists II

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Alveolates are a group of organisms recognized by the presence of alveoli, which are cytoplasmic sacs located beneath the cell membrane. While their function remains uncertain, alveoli may help regulate water balance by controlling how much water enters and leaves the cell. In dinoflagellates, these structures may serve as armor plates. There are three major types of alveolates: ciliates, which move using cilia; dinoflagellates, which use flagella for movement; and apicomplexans, which are...
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Diversity of Protists III01:27

Diversity of Protists III

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Rhizaria are a diverse group of unicellular protists characterized by their threadlike cytoplasmic extensions known as pseudopodia. These structures aid in both locomotion and feeding, giving Rhizaria an amoeboid appearance. Their amoeboid morphology once led to taxonomic confusion, but molecular phylogenetics has clarified their evolutionary placement and emphasized their shared use of pseudopodia despite divergent lineages.This clade comprises diverse lineages such as Chlorarachniophyta,...
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Cleavage and Blastulation01:33

Cleavage and Blastulation

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After a large-single-celled zygote is produced via fertilization, the process of cleavage occurs while zygotes travel through the uterine tube. Cleavage is a mitotic cell division that does not result in growth. With each round of successive cell division, daughter cells get increasingly smaller.
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Cephalic Phase of Digestion01:24

Cephalic Phase of Digestion

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The process of digestion is composed of three stages – cephalic, gastric, and intestinal – each with a distinct control center. The cephalic phase is the first stage, and it starts even before the food enters the stomach. It is controlled by the central nervous system and is initiated by any food-related sensory stimuli, such as the sight and smell of food, which send signals to the brain. While eating, the taste receptors intensify these signals, which travel to the cerebral cortex...
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Genotyping of Sea Anemone during Early Development
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Genotyping of Sea Anemone during Early Development

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カンブリア時代の原始的な軟体頭足類.

Martin R Smith1, Jean-Bernard Caron

  • 1Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Harbord Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3G5, Canada.

Nature
|May 28, 2010
PubMed
まとめ

ネクトカリスのような初期の頭足類は殻がなく,カンブリア期に生きた. この発見により,頭足類の化石記録は3千万年前に遡り,その初期の進化が明らかになった.

科学分野:

  • パレオントロジー・パレオントロジー
  • 進化生物学の進化生物学について
  • マリン・バイオロジー マリン・バイオロジー

背景:

  • バージス・シェイルの堆積物には,初期の動物の体図が保存されています.
  • 初期の頭足類の進化,特にナウチロイドの進化はよくわかっていない.
  • ネクトカリス・プテリックス (Nectocaris pteryx) は,カンブリア期中期の問題のある化石である.

研究 の 目的:

  • ネクトカリス・プテリックス (Nectocaris pteryx) を原始的な頭足類として再解釈する.
  • 頭足類の初期の進化と,その体のプランを調査する.
  • 頭足類の化石記録をカンブリア紀に延長する.

主な方法:

  • バージス・シェイルのネクトカリス・プテリックス (Nectocaris pteryx) の新しい化石素材の分析.
  • ネクトカリスと他の初期のカンブリア紀の分類種の比較形態論.
  • ネクトカリド科 (Nectocarididae) が頭足類 (Cephalopods) に属する位置を判定するための系統遺伝分析.

主要な成果:

  • ネクトカリス・プテリックス (Nectocaris pteryx) は,幹群の非鉱化頭足類として再解釈されています.

さらに関連する動画

Expression of Fluorescent Proteins in Branchiostoma lanceolatum by mRNA Injection into Unfertilized Oocytes
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Ablation of a Single Cell From Eight-cell Embryos of the Amphipod Crustacean Parhyale hawaiensis
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Ablation of a Single Cell From Eight-cell Embryos of the Amphipod Crustacean Parhyale hawaiensis

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Expression of Fluorescent Proteins in Branchiostoma lanceolatum by mRNA Injection into Unfertilized Oocytes
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Ablation of a Single Cell From Eight-cell Embryos of the Amphipod Crustacean Parhyale hawaiensis
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  • ネクトカリス (Nectocaris),ペタリリウム (Petalilium) とヴェトゥストオーバーミスはネクトカリス科 (Nectocarididae) を構成しています.
  • 原始的な頭足類は殻がなく,ハイパーベンチックで,ジェット推進用のフンネルを持っていた.

    • 結論:

    • ケファロポッドの化石記録は,カンブリア期まで3千万年以上続いた.
    • ジェット推進は,頭足類の鉱化した殻の獲得以前に進化した.
    • カンブリア期は,貝殻を持つ頭足類のオルドビキア期多様化のための"フュージ"を隠していた可能性が高い.