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関連する概念動画

The Aufbau Principle and Hund's Rule03:02

The Aufbau Principle and Hund's Rule

To determine the electron configuration for any particular atom, we can build the structures in the order of atomic numbers. Beginning with hydrogen, and continuing across the periods of the periodic table, we add one proton at a time to the nucleus and one electron to the proper subshell until we have described the electron configurations of all the elements. This procedure is called the aufbau principle, from the German word aufbau (“to build up”). Each added electron occupies the subshell of...
Electron Behavior00:54

Electron Behavior

Electrons are negatively charged subatomic particles that are attracted to an orbit around the positively-charged nucleus of an atom. They reside in locations that are associated with energy levels called shells and are further organized into sub-shells and orbitals within each shell.Electrons Orbit the NucleusElectrons are found in specific locations outside of the nucleus. The shell in which an electron resides indicates the general energy level of the electron: those closer to the nucleus...
Electron Behavior01:09

Electron Behavior

Electrons are negatively charged subatomic particles attracted to and orbit around the positively-charged nucleus of an atom. They reside in spaces associated with energy levels called shells and are further organized into subshells and orbitals within each shell.
Electrons Orbit the Nucleus
Electrons are found in specific locations outside of the nucleus. The shell in which an electron resides indicates the general energy level of the electron: those closer to the nucleus have less energy,...
The Quantum-Mechanical Model of an Atom02:45

The Quantum-Mechanical Model of an Atom

Shortly after de Broglie published his ideas that the electron in a hydrogen atom could be better thought of as being a circular standing wave instead of a particle moving in quantized circular orbits, Erwin Schrödinger extended de Broglie’s work by deriving what is now known as the Schrödinger equation. When Schrödinger applied his equation to hydrogen-like atoms, he was able to reproduce Bohr’s expression for the energy and, thus, the Rydberg formula governing hydrogen spectra. Schrödinger...
Lewis Structures of Molecular Compounds and Polyatomic Ions02:54

Lewis Structures of Molecular Compounds and Polyatomic Ions

To draw Lewis structures for complicated molecules and molecular ions, it is helpful to follow a step-by-step procedure as outlined:
Electron Configurations02:46

Electron Configurations

Electron configurations and orbital diagrams can be determined by applying the Aufbau principle (each added electron occupies the subshell of lowest energy available), Pauli exclusion principle (no two electrons can have the same set of four quantum numbers), and Hund’s rule of maximum multiplicity (whenever possible, electrons retain unpaired spins in degenerate orbitals).
The relative energies of the subshells determine the order in which atomic orbitals are filled (1s, 2s, 2p, 3s, 3p, 4s,...

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液体化された電子は空洞を占有していますか?

Ross E Larsen1, William J Glover, Benjamin J Schwartz

  • 1Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1569, USA. Ross.Larsen@nrel.gov

Science (New York, N.Y.)
|July 3, 2010
PubMed
まとめ
この要約は機械生成です。

水素化された電子は,長い間,水中の空洞にあると考えられてきましたが,実際には水密度が増加した領域に存在しています. この発見は数十年にわたる研究に挑戦し,電子と水の相互作用を再定義します.

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Total Internal Reflection Absorption Spectroscopy (TIRAS) for the Detection of Solvated Electrons at a Plasma-liquid Interface
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Probing the Structure and Dynamics of Interfacial Water with Scanning Tunneling Microscopy and Spectroscopy
10:28

Probing the Structure and Dynamics of Interfacial Water with Scanning Tunneling Microscopy and Spectroscopy

Published on: May 27, 2018

関連する実験動画

Last Updated: Jun 11, 2026

Computation of Atmospheric Concentrations of Molecular Clusters from ab initio Thermochemistry
12:11

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Total Internal Reflection Absorption Spectroscopy (TIRAS) for the Detection of Solvated Electrons at a Plasma-liquid Interface
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科学分野:

  • 物理化学 物理化学
  • コンピューティング・ケミストリー
  • 量子力学は,量子力学という

背景:

  • 水素化された電子は,水化学における基本的な種である.
  • 以前のモデルでは,水素化された電子が液体の水中の準球状の空洞の中に存在すると考えられていた.
  • この空洞模型は,40年以上にわたってその性質の理解を導いてきました.

研究 の 目的:

  • 先進的な計算方法を使用して,水素化された電子の構造とダイナミクスを調査する.
  • 新しい理論的洞察をもって確立された空洞モデルに挑戦する.
  • 電子と水の相互作用を正確にシミュレートするために,以前に省略された特徴を含む.

主な方法:

  • 水素化された電子の電子構造と動態をシミュレートした.
  • 電子と水の相互作用をモデル化するために,厳密に派生した擬似ポテンシャルを使用した.
  • 擬似ポテンシャルに魅力的な酸素と排斥的な水素の特徴を組み込み,以前のモデルを改良した.

主要な成果:

  • 水素化された電子は,空洞ではなく,水密度の高い領域,直径約1ナノメートルを占有していることが判明しました.
  • 計算された基底状態吸収スペクトルは,実験データと密接に一致しました.
  • 光刺激後のシミュレートされた興奮状態スペクトルダイナミクスは,実験観察と優れた一致を示しました.

結論:

  • 水素化された電子のための確立された空洞模型は不正確です.
  • 新しいモデルは,電子が強化された密度の領域にある状態で,スペクトルの性質を正確に予測します.
  • リラクゼーション経路は,急速な内部変換に続いて,ゆっくりとした基底状態の冷却を伴うもので,空洞モデルの予測とは対照的です.