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meta-Directing Deactivators: –NO2, –CN, –CHO, –⁠CO2R, –COR, –CO2H01:13

meta-Directing Deactivators: –NO2, –CN, –CHO, –⁠CO2R, –COR, –CO2H

All meta-directing substituents are deactivating groups. These substituents withdraw electrons from the aromatic ring, making the ring less reactive toward electrophilic substitution. For example, the nitration of nitrobenzene is 100,000 times slower than that of benzene because of the deactivating effect of the nitro group. The first step in an electrophilic aromatic substitution is the addition of an electrophile to form a resonance-stabilized carbocation. The energy diagrams for the...
Role of Reduced Coenzymes NADH and FADH₂01:29

Role of Reduced Coenzymes NADH and FADH₂

The energy released from the breakdown of the chemical bonds within nutrients can be stored either through the reduction of electron carriers or in the bonds of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). In living systems, a small class of compounds functions as mobile electron carriers, molecules that bind to and shuttle high-energy electrons between compounds in pathways. The principal electron carriers that will be considered originate from the B vitamin group and are derivatives of nucleotides; they are...
Inorganic Nitrogen Assimilation01:22

Inorganic Nitrogen Assimilation

Nitrogen is an essential element in biological systems, forming a crucial component of proteins, nucleic acids, and other cellular constituents. Many bacteria and archaea acquire nitrogen in the form of nitrate (NO₃⁻) or ammonia (NH₃), which are then assimilated into biomolecules through specific enzymatic pathways.Assimilatory Nitrate ReductionWhen nitrate enters the cell, it undergoes a two-step reduction process known as assimilatory nitrate reduction. Initially, the enzyme nitrate reductase...
2° Amines to N-Nitrosamines: Reaction with NaNO201:20

2° Amines to N-Nitrosamines: Reaction with NaNO2

Secondary amines react with nitrous acid to form N-nitrosamines, as depicted in Figure 1. Nitrous acid, a weak and unstable acid, is formed in situ from an aqueous solution of sodium nitrite and strong acids, such as hydrochloric acid or sulfuric acid, in cold conditions. In the presence of an acid, the nitrous acid gets protonated. The subsequent loss of water results in the formation of the electrophile known as nitrosonium ion.
Carbon-dioxide Fixation01:28

Carbon-dioxide Fixation

Carbon dioxide fixation in prokaryotes enables the assimilation of inorganic carbon into organic molecules, supporting biosynthetic pathways, sustaining ecosystems, and contributing to the global carbon cycle. It also has industrial applications in carbon capture and bioproduct synthesis. Autotrophic organisms rely on this process to utilize CO₂ as a carbon source in diverse environments.The Calvin CycleThe Calvin cycle is the most widespread carbon fixation mechanism, primarily used by...
Overview of Nitrogen Metabolism01:20

Overview of Nitrogen Metabolism

Nitrogen is a very important element for life because it is a major constituent of proteins and nucleic acids. It is a macronutrient, and in nature, it is recycled from organic compounds and stored in the form of  ammonia, ammonium ions, nitrate, nitrite, or  nitrogen gas by many metabolic processes. Many of these metabolic processes are carried out only by prokaryotes.
The largest pool of nitrogen available in the terrestrial ecosystem is gaseous nitrogen (N2) from the air, but this nitrogen...

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関連する実験動画

Updated: Jun 10, 2026

Synthesis and Performance Characterizations of Transition Metal Single Atom Catalyst for Electrochemical CO2 Reduction
10:57

Synthesis and Performance Characterizations of Transition Metal Single Atom Catalyst for Electrochemical CO2 Reduction

Published on: April 10, 2018

バナジウム窒素酵素は,COを減少させます.

Chi Chung Lee1, Yilin Hu, Markus W Ribbe

  • 1Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-3900, USA.

Science (New York, N.Y.)
|August 7, 2010
PubMed
まとめ
この要約は機械生成です。

バナジウム窒素酵素は,二酸化窒素をアンモニアに,一酸化炭素を炭化水素に変換する. これは,地球の炭素と窒素のサイクル間の共通の進化的および機械的リンクを示唆しています.

さらに関連する動画

Synthesis of Metal Nanoparticles Supported on Carbon Nanotube with Doped Co and N Atoms and its Catalytic Applications in Hydrogen Production
08:40

Synthesis of Metal Nanoparticles Supported on Carbon Nanotube with Doped Co and N Atoms and its Catalytic Applications in Hydrogen Production

Published on: December 6, 2021

Chemical Vapor Deposition of an Organic Magnet, Vanadium Tetracyanoethylene
08:25

Chemical Vapor Deposition of an Organic Magnet, Vanadium Tetracyanoethylene

Published on: July 3, 2015

関連する実験動画

Last Updated: Jun 10, 2026

Synthesis and Performance Characterizations of Transition Metal Single Atom Catalyst for Electrochemical CO2 Reduction
10:57

Synthesis and Performance Characterizations of Transition Metal Single Atom Catalyst for Electrochemical CO2 Reduction

Published on: April 10, 2018

Synthesis of Metal Nanoparticles Supported on Carbon Nanotube with Doped Co and N Atoms and its Catalytic Applications in Hydrogen Production
08:40

Synthesis of Metal Nanoparticles Supported on Carbon Nanotube with Doped Co and N Atoms and its Catalytic Applications in Hydrogen Production

Published on: December 6, 2021

Chemical Vapor Deposition of an Organic Magnet, Vanadium Tetracyanoethylene
08:25

Chemical Vapor Deposition of an Organic Magnet, Vanadium Tetracyanoethylene

Published on: July 3, 2015

科学分野:

  • バイオケミストリー バイオケミストリー
  • 環境科学 環境科学
  • 地質化学 地質化学

背景:

  • 窒素酵素酵素は,大気中の二酸化窒素をアンモニアに変換するのに不可欠であり,これは生命にとって不可欠なプロセスです.
  • バナジウム依存窒素酶 (V-窒素酶) は,独特の活性部位を持つユニークな変種です.
  • 窒素還元以外のV-ナイトロゲネーゼの触媒能力は完全に理解されていません.

研究 の 目的:

  • 窒素固定における既知の役割を超えて,ヴァナジウム窒素酵素の還元能力を調査する.
  • V-ナイトロゲネーゼが一酸化炭素の減少を触媒化する可能性を調査する.
  • 炭素と窒素のサイクル間の相互作用を理解するために,これらの発見の影響を評価する.

主な方法:

  • 酵素アッセイは,浄化されたバナジウム窒素酶を用いて実施した.
  • サブストラット還元実験は,二酸化窒素と一酸化炭素を用いて,制御された条件下で実施されました.
  • 製品分析はガスクロマトグラフィを用いて行われました.

主要な成果:

  • バナジウム窒素酵素は,ダイナトロゲンをアンモニアに効率的に減少させました.
  • この酵素はまた,一酸化炭素をエチレン,エタン,プロパンに還元するのに触媒として作用した.
  • 観測された炭化水素産物は,複雑な還元経路を示しています.

結論:

  • バナジウム窒素酵素は,一酸化炭素の還元を含む,これまで認識されていたよりも広い基板範囲を有しています.
  • N2とCOの両方を削減する二重機能は,窒素と炭素のサイクル間の潜在的なメカニズムと進化のつながりを示唆しています.
  • この発見は,バイオインスピレーションによる触媒と初期の地球生地化学プロセスを探求するための新しい道を開きます.