人類の水安全保障と河川の生物多様性に対する世界的な脅威
C J Vörösmarty1, P B McIntyre, M O Gessner
1The Environmental CrossRoads Initiative, City University of New York, The City College of New York, New York, New York 10035, USA. contact@riverthreat.net
Nature
|October 1, 2010
まとめ
複数のストレス要因により,世界の水の安全保障は80%の人々と淡水の生物多様性の65%が脅かされています. 水の脅威の根本的な原因に対処することは,人間と生態学的幸福の両方にとって極めて重要です.
科学分野:
- 環境科学 環境科学
- グローバルエコロジー グローバルエコロジー
- 水資源の管理 水資源の管理
背景:
- 淡水資源は,人類と生物多様性にとって不可欠です.
- 水の安全に対する脅威を評価するには,人間のニーズと生態学的ニーズの両方を考慮した多面的なアプローチが必要です.
- 既存の評価では,累積的なストレス因子や下流の影響に関する包括的な見解が欠けていることが多い.
研究 の 目的:
- 人と生物多様性の観点を統合して,水資源安全保障の脅威に関する世界初の統合を実施する.
- 水の安全性に対する複数のストレス要因と下流の影響を定量化する空間的枠組みを開発し,適用する.
- 水の安全に対する脅威のグローバルなパターンを特定し,政策と管理戦略を策定する.
主な方法:
- 水に関連する複数のストレス要因を定量化するために,新しい空間的枠組みを利用した.
- 人口の統合暴露と淡水生物多様性の生息地の脆弱性.
- 水資源利用と汚染の下流の影響も考慮した.
主要な成果:
- 世界人口の80%近くが,高い水資源安全保障の脅威に直面しています.
- 裕福な国は,テクノロジーを通じてストレス要因の影響を軽減することができますが,根本的な原因に対処しません.
- 大陸の淡水排出量の65%を占める生息地は,中等から高度に脅かされています.
- 裕福でない国々は,水不足に不釣り合いな脆弱性があるままです.
結論:
- 蓄積的な脅威の枠組みは,水安全保障介入の優先順位を決めるために不可欠です.
- 脅威をその源から取り除くことは,高価な症状の修復よりも効果的です.
- 人間と淡水生態系の両方の水の安全を確保するために,緊急のグローバルな行動が必要である.
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