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関連する概念動画

Gene Duplication and Divergence02:37

Gene Duplication and Divergence

The seminal work of Ohno in 1970 popularized the idea of gene duplication and divergence. DNA sequence comparison studies reveal that a large portion of the genes in bacteria, archaebacteria, and eukaryotes was  generated by gene duplication and divergence, indicating its critical role in evolution.
The duplicated copies of the gene are called Paralogs. Paralogs with similar sequences and functions form a gene family. Across several species, a large number of gene families are characterized.
Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps02:24

Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps

Gene expression can be regulated at almost every step from gene to protein. Transcription is the step that is most commonly regulated. This involves the binding of proteins to short regulatory sequences on the DNA. This association can either promote or inhibit the transcription of a gene associated with the respective sequence.
Transcription results in the generation of precursor (pre-mRNA) that consists of both exons and introns, which needs further processing before being translated to a...
Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps02:24

Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps

Gene expression can be regulated at almost every step from gene to protein. Transcription is the step that is most commonly regulated. This involves the binding of proteins to short regulatory sequences on the DNA. This association can either promote or inhibit the transcription of a gene associated with the respective sequence.
Transcription results in the generation of precursor (pre-mRNA) that consists of both exons and introns, which needs further processing before being translated to a...
Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps01:23

Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps

The gene expression in cells is regulated at different stages: (i) transcription, (ii) RNA processing, (iii) RNA localization, and (iv) translation. Transcriptional regulation is mediated by regulatory proteins such as transcription factors, activators, or repressors—these control gene expression by initiating or inhibiting the transcription of genes. Once a precursor or pre-mRNA is produced, it undergoes post-transcriptional modification, including 5' capping, splicing, and the addition of a...
Cis-regulatory Sequences02:02

Cis-regulatory Sequences

Cis-regulatory sequences are short fragments of non-coding DNA that are present on the same chromosomes as the genes that they regulate. These fragments serve as binding sites for transcriptional regulators, proteins that are responsible for controlling gene transcription and differential gene expression across cell types in eukaryotes. Cis-regulatory sequences can be close to the gene of interest or thousands of bases away in the DNA sequence; however, those sequences that are further away are...
Position-effect Variegation02:32

Position-effect Variegation

In 1928, a German botanist Emil Heitz observed the moss nuclei with a DNA binding dye. He observed that while some chromatin regions decondense and spread out in the interphase nucleus, others do not. He termed them euchromatin and heterochromatin, respectively. He proposed that the heterochromatin regions reflect a functionally inactive state of the genome. It was later confirmed that heterochromatin is transcriptionally repressed, and euchromatin is transcriptionally active chromatin.

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関連する実験動画

Updated: Jun 6, 2026

Inherent Dynamics Visualizer, an Interactive Application for Evaluating and Visualizing Outputs from a Gene Regulatory Network Inference Pipeline
10:44

Inherent Dynamics Visualizer, an Interactive Application for Evaluating and Visualizing Outputs from a Gene Regulatory Network Inference Pipeline

Published on: December 7, 2021

遺伝子発現の相違は,発達的な砂時計モデルを再現しています.

Alex T Kalinka1, Karolina M Varga, Dave T Gerrard

  • 1Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Pfotenhauerstr. 108, 01307 Dresden, Germany.

Nature
|December 15, 2010
PubMed
まとめ

砂時計モデルは,動物の発達が最も早くと遅く分岐することを示唆しています. この研究では,遺伝子の発現は,系統型期間に最も保存され,自然選択を支えていることが明らかになりました.

さらに関連する動画

Temporal Ordering of Dynamic Expression Data from Detailed Spatial Expression Maps
11:52

Temporal Ordering of Dynamic Expression Data from Detailed Spatial Expression Maps

Published on: February 9, 2017

A Semi-high-throughput Imaging Method and Data Visualization Toolkit to Analyze C. elegans Embryonic Development
06:49

A Semi-high-throughput Imaging Method and Data Visualization Toolkit to Analyze C. elegans Embryonic Development

Published on: October 29, 2019

関連する実験動画

Last Updated: Jun 6, 2026

Inherent Dynamics Visualizer, an Interactive Application for Evaluating and Visualizing Outputs from a Gene Regulatory Network Inference Pipeline
10:44

Inherent Dynamics Visualizer, an Interactive Application for Evaluating and Visualizing Outputs from a Gene Regulatory Network Inference Pipeline

Published on: December 7, 2021

Temporal Ordering of Dynamic Expression Data from Detailed Spatial Expression Maps
11:52

Temporal Ordering of Dynamic Expression Data from Detailed Spatial Expression Maps

Published on: February 9, 2017

A Semi-high-throughput Imaging Method and Data Visualization Toolkit to Analyze C. elegans Embryonic Development
06:49

A Semi-high-throughput Imaging Method and Data Visualization Toolkit to Analyze C. elegans Embryonic Development

Published on: October 29, 2019

科学分野:

  • 発達生物学 発達生物学とは
  • 進化生物学の進化生物学について
  • ゲノミクスゲノミクスとは

背景:

  • 胚のフィロタイプ期は,動物群の間で最大限の形態学的類似性によって特徴付けられています.
  • 砂時計モデルは,胚形成が初期と後期に最も分岐することを提案し,胚形成の半ばはピーク保存を示しています.
  • 形態学的データは砂時計モデルを支持しているが,このパターンにおける遺伝子発現進化の役割は不明である.

研究 の 目的:

  • 遺伝子発現の進化が形態学的砂時計パターンの基礎にある程度を調査する.
  • 節足類のフィロタイプ期間に遺伝子発現が最大限に保たれているかどうかを判断する.

主な方法:

  • 進化の距離が最大4000万年までの6つの配列化されたドロソフィラ種の種別マイクロアレイを利用した.
  • 異なる胚の発達段階における定量化された遺伝子発現の差異.
  • 遺伝子発現パターンを分析し,選択的圧力を特定するために進化モデルを適用した.

主要な成果:

  • 遺伝子の発現は,節足類のフィロタイプ期間に最大限に保存され,砂時計モデルと一致することが判明しました.
  • 分析された遺伝子の80%以上は,各時点の安定化選択を組み込んだ進化モデルに最適である.
  • 遺伝子の発現に対する選択的制約は,最適な発現レベルが保存されている遺伝子の群型期間に最大化されました.
  • 最も強い砂時計パターンを表す遺伝子は,重要な発達プロセスに関与しています.

結論:

  • 自然選択は,胚形成の半ばに遺伝子発現パターンを積極的に保存する.
  • 発達の砂時計パターンの分子基礎に対する全ゲノムにわたる証拠を提供する.
  • 動物の体プランの進化を制約する保存された遺伝子発現の役割を強調する.