言語の進化した構造は,語順の普遍性における系統特有の傾向を示している
Michael Dunn1, Simon J Greenhill, Stephen C Levinson
1Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Post Office Box 310, 6500 AH Nijmegen, The Netherlands. michael.dunn@mpi.nl
Nature
|April 15, 2011
まとめ
言語の多様性は,生まれつきのパラメータや普遍的な傾向ではなく,文化的進化によって形成されます. 単語順序の進化はほとんど相関を示せず,言語の構造は主に文化的伝達と歴史的状態によって動いていることを示している.
科学分野:
- 言語学 言語学とは
- 進化生物学の進化生物学について
- コンピューター系遺伝学 コンピュータ系遺伝学
背景:
- 言語学は,言語の多様性とその制約を記述することを目的としています.
- 生まれつきのパラメータ (生成言語学) と統計的傾向 (グリーンバーグの一般化) の2つの主要な理論が存在します.
- 言語の形成における天生的制約と普遍的なバイアスの役割は,依然として議論されている.
研究 の 目的:
- 言語的多様性に対する制約の性質を計算的系統遺伝的方法を用いて調査する.
- 進化の枠組みの中で,先天的パラメータとグリーンバーグの統計的傾向の生成的な説明をテストする.
- 人間の言語における語順の進化の主な原動力を決定する.
主な方法:
- 言語間の単語順序の特徴を分析するために,計算的系統遺伝的方法を適用した.
- 異なる言語的特徴の進化の間の相関を検証した.
- 普遍的な傾向と系統特有の機能的依存関係を区別する.
主要な成果:
- 生成的な説明とは対照的に,単語の順序の特徴のほんの一部だけが,強い進化的相関を示した.
- グリーンバーグの一般化とは対照的に,特性の間のほとんどの機能的依存性は系統特異的であり,普遍的ではなかった.
- 証拠は,先天的なパラメータや普遍的なバイアスではなく,文化的進化が,主に単語順序を形作ることを示唆しています.
結論:
- 単語の順序の進化は,主に文化的伝達と歴史的言語状態によって引き起こされる.
- この発見は,先天的パラメータ理論と言語の多様性に関する普遍的な統計的バイアス説明に異議を唱える.
- 文化的進化は,言語の構造,特に言葉の順序を決定する上で主要な役割を果たします.
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