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関連する概念動画

Outcomes of Glycolysis01:13

Outcomes of Glycolysis

Nearly all the energy used by cells comes from the bonds that make up complex organic compounds. These organic compounds are broken down into simpler molecules, such as glucose. As a result, cells extract energy from glucose over many chemical reactions—a process called cellular respiration.
Cellular respiration can occur aerobically (with oxygen) or anaerobically (without oxygen). In the presence of oxygen, cellular respiration starts with glycolysis and continues with pyruvate oxidation, the...
Other Glycolytic Pathways01:24

Other Glycolytic Pathways

The pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) operates in parallel with glycolysis, facilitating the metabolism of both pentoses and glucose. This pathway consists of two distinct phases: the oxidative and non-oxidative phases. While it does not directly generate ATP, the intermediates formed during the process can integrate into glycolysis, contributing to cellular energy metabolism when required.Oxidative Phase: NADPH ProductionThe oxidative phase of the pentose phosphate pathway is primarily...
Efficiency of The Carnot Cycle01:16

Efficiency of The Carnot Cycle

The hypothetical Carnot cycle consists of an ideal gas subjected to two isothermal and two adiabatic processes. Since the internal energy of an ideal gas depends only on its temperature, which is the same before and after the completion of the Carnot cycle, there is no change in its internal energy. Hence, using the first law of thermodynamics, the total heat exchanged by the ideal gas equals the total work done. Thus, we can quantify the efficiency of the Carnot cycle via the heat exchanged...
What is Glycolysis?00:56

What is Glycolysis?

Overview
Cells make energy by breaking down macromolecules. Cellular respiration is the biochemical process that converts "food energy" (from the chemical bonds of macromolecules) into chemical energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). The first step of this tightly regulated and intricate process is glycolysis. The word glycolysis originates from the Latin glyco (sugar) and lysis (breakdown). Glycolysis serves two main intracellular functions: generating ATP and generating...
Carnot Cycle and Efficiency01:26

Carnot Cycle and Efficiency

The Second Law of Thermodynamics asserts that it's impossible for any heat engine to achieve 100% efficiency. While contemplating the maximum possible efficiency, Nicolas Sadi Carnot conceptualized an ideal heat engine. This engine gets its energy from a high-temperature reservoir. It then performs some work and releases the remaining energy into a low-temperature reservoir.The Carnot cycle, named after Sadi Carnot, is fully reversible. The cycle consists of four distinct stages. In the first...
Energy-requiring Steps of Glycolysis01:20

Energy-requiring Steps of Glycolysis

Glucose is the source of nearly all energy used by organisms. The first step of converting glucose into usable energy is called glycolysis. Glycolysis occurs in the cytosol of the cell over two phases: an energy-requiring phase and an energy-releasing phase. Over the first three steps, glucose is converted into different forms and attached to two phosphate groups donated by two ATP molecules, resulting in an unstable sugar. In the next two stages, the unstable sugar splits into two sugar...

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関連する実験動画

Updated: May 31, 2026

Assessing Energy Substrate Oxidation In Vitro with 14CO2 Trapping
09:20

Assessing Energy Substrate Oxidation In Vitro with 14CO2 Trapping

Published on: March 23, 2022

グライコリスの振動と強固な効率の限界

Fiona A Chandra1, Gentian Buzi, John C Doyle

  • 1Department of Bioengineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA. fiona@caltech.edu

Science (New York, N.Y.)
|July 9, 2011
PubMed
まとめ

エンジニアリングと進化は,効率と頑強さのトレードオフに直面しています. この研究は,オートカタリティックネットワークにおけるこれらのトレードオフの分析方程式を導き出し,その必然的な結果として振動を明らかにします.

科学分野:

  • バイオケミストリー バイオケミストリー
  • システム生物学 システム生物学
  • 制御理論 制御理論

背景:

  • 生物学的および工学的システムは,効率性と強度との間の固有のトレードオフに直面しています.
  • これらのトレードオフ,特にダイナミックな生物学的ネットワークに関する正式な理論的枠組みは限られている.

研究 の 目的:

  • 分析方程式を導き出すために,硬直なトレードオフを強度と効率の間で,グリコロシスのモデルで.
  • 制御理論を用いたオートカタリティックネットワークにおけるこれらのトレードオフ法則の普遍性を実証する.
  • これらのトレードオフの副作用として振動につながる条件を特定する.

主な方法:

  • 糖分解の単純な2状態モデルを開発した.
  • 安定性と効率性の間のトレードオフを定量化するために,分析式を導出しました.
  • 統制理論を応用して,そこから派生したトレードオフ原理の普遍性を確立した.
  • パラメータ依存のトレードオフにおけるフィードバック制御とオートカタリシスの役割を調査した.

主要な成果:

  • 頑丈性と効率性の間のハードトレードオフのための明示的な分析方程式が導出されました.
  • これらのトレードオフの避けられない結果として,振動が特定されました.

さらに関連する動画

An Optimized Protocol to Analyze Glycolysis and Mitochondrial Respiration in Lymphocytes
08:40

An Optimized Protocol to Analyze Glycolysis and Mitochondrial Respiration in Lymphocytes

Published on: November 21, 2016

関連する実験動画

Last Updated: May 31, 2026

Assessing Energy Substrate Oxidation In Vitro with 14CO2 Trapping
09:20

Assessing Energy Substrate Oxidation In Vitro with 14CO2 Trapping

Published on: March 23, 2022

An Optimized Protocol to Analyze Glycolysis and Mitochondrial Respiration in Lymphocytes
08:40

An Optimized Protocol to Analyze Glycolysis and Mitochondrial Respiration in Lymphocytes

Published on: November 21, 2016

  • これらのトレードオフ法の基本的な性質は,オートカタリティックネットワーク全体で普遍的であることが証明されました.
  • 理論は実験的観測と一致し,最悪の状況を示唆しています.

    • 結論:

    • 効率性と堅牢性の間の厳しいトレードオフは,オートカタリティックネットワークにおいて根本的なものです.
    • 振動は,効率と強度の両方を最適化する固有の副産物です.
    • 導出制御理論は,生物学的および工学的なシステムにおけるこれらの制約を理解するための一般化可能な枠組みを提供します.