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Echo

Echo

The human ear cannot distinguish between two sources of sound if they happen to reach within a specific time interval, typically 0.1 seconds apart. More than this, and they are perceived as separate sources.
Imagine the sound is reflected back to the ears. Assuming that the source is very close to the human, the difference between hearing the two sounds—the emitted sound and the reflected sound—may be more than the minimum time for perceiving distinct sounds. If this is the case, then the...

Convergent Evolution

Convergent Evolution

Evolution shapes the features of organisms over time, ensuring that they are suited for the environments in which they live. Sometimes, selection pressure leads to the rise of similar but unrelated adaptations in organisms with no recent common ancestors, a process known as convergent evolution.

The Cochlea

The Cochlea

The cochlea is a coiled structure in the inner ear that contains hair cells—the sensory receptors of the auditory system. Sound waves are transmitted to the cochlea by small bones attached to the eardrum called the ossicles, which vibrate the oval window that leads to the inner ear. This causes fluid in the chambers of the cochlea to move, vibrating the basilar membrane.

Perceiving Loudness, Pitch, and Location

Perceiving Loudness, Pitch, and Location

The human brain perceives pitch through two primary mechanisms reflected in place theory and frequency theory. Each mechanism describes how sound waves are interpreted as specific pitches by the brain, offering insights into the intricate processes of auditory perception.
Place theory, or place coding, suggests that different pitches are heard because various sound waves activate specific locations along the cochlea's basilar membrane. The brain determines the pitch of a sound by identifying...

Beats

Beats

The study of music provides many examples of the superposition of waves and the constructive and destructive interference that occurs. Very few examples of music being performed consist of a single source playing a single frequency for an extended period of time. A single frequency of sound for an extended period might be monotonous to the point of irritation, similar to the unwanted drone of an aircraft engine or a loud fan. Music is pleasant and exciting due to mixing the changing frequencies...

Sound Waves: Interference

Sound Waves: Interference

Sound waves can be modeled either as longitudinal waves, wherein the molecules of the medium oscillate around an equilibrium position, or as pressure waves. When two identical waves from the same source superimpose on each other, the combination of two crests or two troughs results in amplitude reinforcement known as constructive interference. If two identical waves, that are initially in phase, become out of phase because of different path lengths, the combination of crests with troughs...

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蝙蝠は,背景の雑音から標的を区別するために,エコーハーモニック構造を使用します.

Mary E Bates¹, James A Simmons, Tengiz V Zorikov

¹Department of Cognitive, Linguistic, and Psychological Sciences, Box 1853, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA. maryebates@gmail.com

Science (New York, N.Y.)

|July 30, 2011

まとめ

大きな茶色のコウモリは,混乱を避けるために調和のとれたエコーを使用し,複雑な環境でより明確なターゲット識別のために正確な遅延知覚を犠牲にします.

科学分野:

バイオアコースティクスバイオアコースティクス
センサリーエコロジーセンサリーエコロジー
動物の行動動物の行動

背景:

エコーロケーションするコウモリは,横のエコーが標的のエコーを覆い隠すことができる乱雑な環境で課題に直面します.
バット・ソナー信号の1番目と2番目ハーモニックは,異なる方向性のある放射特性を持っています.

研究の目的:

大型茶色のコウモリが,目標と乱雑のエコーを区別するために,調和情報をどのように利用するか調査する.
コウモリエコーロケーションにおけるエコー遅延感と雑混抑制のトレードオフを理解する.

主な方法:

精神物理学的実験は,大きな茶色のコウモリで行われました.
人工的なエコーで第1および第2のハーモニックアライナメントの電子操作は,混乱のエコーの神経処理を模倣しました.
エコー・デレイドの知覚とクラーター・マスキングにおける蝙蝠の性能が評価されました.

主要な成果:

ハーモニクスの不整列は,エコー遅延の知覚を妨害したが,雑音マスクを減少させた.
ハーモニクスの再調整により,遅延感が回復しましたが,雑音の干渉も回復しました.
蝙蝠は,マスキングを軽減するために遅延鋭敏性を犠牲にするという戦略を示した.

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結論:

大きな茶色のコウモリは,調和の内容の違いを利用して,雑音とターゲットエコーを区別します.
このハーモニック・エクスプロイテーションにより,コウモリが複雑な環境でターゲットの検出を向上させ,正確な遅延解像度のコストを払うことができます.