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Animal Mitochondrial Genetics02:59

Animal Mitochondrial Genetics

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Among all the organelles in an animal cell, only mitochondria have their own independent genomes. Animal mitochondrial DNA is a double-stranded, closed-circular molecule with around 20,000 base pairs. Mitochondrial DNA is unique in that one of its two strands, the heavy, or H, -strand is guanine rich, whereas the complementary strand is cytosine rich and called the light, or L, -strand. Compared to nuclear DNA, mitochondrial DNA has a very low percentage of non-coding regions and is marked by...
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Comparing Mitochondrial, Chloroplast, and Prokaryotic Genomes02:16

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The present-day mitochondrial and chloroplast genomes have retained some of the characteristics of their ancestral prokaryotes and also have acquired new attributes during their evolution within eukaryotic cells. Like prokaryotic genomes, mitochondrial and chloroplast genomes neither bind with histone-like proteins nor show complex packaging into chromosome-like structures, as observed in eukaryotes. Unlike mitotic cell divisions observed in eukaryotic cells, mitochondria and chloroplasts...
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Export of Mitochondrial and Chloroplast Genes02:19

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A eukaryotic cell can have up to three different types of genetic systems: nuclear, mitochondrial, and chloroplast. During evolution, organelles have exported many genes to the nucleus; this transfer is still ongoing in some plant species. Approximately 18% of the Arabidopsis thaliana nuclear genome is thought to be derived from the chloroplast’s cyanobacterial ancestor, and around 75% of the yeast genome derived from the mitochondria’s bacterial ancestor. This export has occurred...
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The Inner Mitochondrial Membrane01:28

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The inner mitochondrial membrane is the primary site of ATP synthesis. The inner membrane domain that forms a smooth layer adjacent to the outer membrane is called the inner boundary membrane. This domain contains membrane transporters that drive metabolites in and out of the mitochondria.  In contrast, the inner membrane network that invaginates into the matrix space is called the cristae membrane. This domain accounts for principle mitochondrial function as it accommodates the protein...
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A single mitochondrion is a bean-shaped organelle enclosed by a double-membrane system. The outer membrane of mitochondria is smooth and contains many porins - the integral membrane transporters. Porins enable free diffusion of ions and small uncharged molecules through the outer mitochondrial membrane but limit the transport of molecules larger than 5000 Daltons. Further, the outer mitochondrial membrane forms a unique structure called membrane contact sites with other subcellular organelles,...
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Mitochondria are double-membrane organelles of the eukaryotes involved in cellular metabolism, signaling, ATP synthesis, and programmed cell death.  Each of these processes requires specific proteins and enzymes that must be correctly sorted to the right mitochondrial subcompartment for the proper functioning of the organelle.
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人間のミトコンドリアトランスクリプトーム

Tim R Mercer1, Shane Neph, Marcel E Dinger

  • 1Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane QLD 4072, Australia.

Cell
|August 23, 2011
PubMed
まとめ
この要約は機械生成です。

この研究は,ヒトのミトコンドリアRNAの複雑な調節を明らかにしています. 研究者らは,トランスクリプトレベルと処理の多様性を発見し,ミトコンドリアの遺伝子発現と疾患に関する新しい洞察を提供しました.

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科学分野:

  • 分子生物学は分子生物学である.
  • 遺伝学 遺伝学とは
  • 細胞生物学 細胞生物学

背景:

  • 人間のミトコンドリアゲノムは,ユニークな遺伝システムを備えています.
  • それは,機能的なRNAに処理されるポリシストロニックトランスクリプトを生成します.

研究 の 目的:

  • 人間のミトコンドリアトランスクリプトームを包括的に分析するために.
  • 新しいトランスクリプトと規制メカニズムを特定する.

主な方法:

  • ディレクショナル・ディープ・シーケンシング
  • RNA端の並列分析 (PARE) について
  • 高通量 in vivo DNaseI フットプリント

主要な成果:

  • 細胞系と組織におけるミトコンドリアトランスクリプトの豊富さの有意な変動が示されました.
  • 精密にマッピングされたトランスクリプト処理と成熟のイベント.
  • ミトコンドリア内の新しい小さなRNAと濃縮された核RNAを特定しました.
  • ミトコンドリアゲノム全体のDNA結合タンパク質の占有率を単核酸解像度でマッピングした.
  • トランスクリプション開始部位における規制特性を明らかにし,疾患の変種に関する洞察を得ました.

結論:

  • 人間のミトコンドリアのトランスクリプトームは,これまで理解していた以上に複雑さを表しています.
  • この研究は,ミトコンドリアの研究と疾患に関連する変異を理解するための貴重なリソースを提供します.