ターミナル爆撃前の地球マントルのボルンガム同位体構成
Matthias Willbold1, Tim Elliott, Stephen Moorbath
1Bristol Isotope Group, School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1RJ, UK. m.willbold@bristol.ac.uk
Nature
|September 9, 2011
まとめ
地球上の貴金属は,隕石の遅いフェニールによって説明されます. 古代の岩石のボルンガムの同位体分析は,この理論を支持し,金属の豊富さの他の説明を排除します.
科学分野:
- 地質化学 地質化学
- 惑星科学は惑星科学である.
- 同位体地質学とは,同位体地質学である.
背景:
- 黄金のような貴金属は,核形成の予測にもかかわらず豊富に存在しています.
- 核形成後の隕石の"遅いフェニヤー"が提案された説明である.
- 古代のイシュア,グリーンランドの岩は,この隕石の爆撃より前のものです.
研究 の 目的:
- 貴金属の豊富さについて"遅いフェニール"仮説を検証するために.
- 終末の隕石爆撃の前に地球の構成を決定するために.
- 古代の岩石におけるボルンガム同位体を分析して構成のヒントを得るために.
主な方法:
- 高精度のボルンガム (W) イソトープ分析.
- グリーンランドのイーサの38億年前の岩石の分析.
- 古代と現代の地上のサンプルにおけるW同位体比の比較.
主要な成果:
- イサウ岩は,現代のサンプルよりも (182) W / 184) W の比率がかなり高いことを示しています.
- この高い比率は,遅いフェニールの期待される影響と一致しています.
- マントルのリミックスやコア-マントルの相互作用などの代替モデルはサポートされていません.
結論:
- "遅いフェニヤ"仮説は,トングステンの同位体データによって強く支持されています.
- 地球の構成は,後期的な隕石の衝突によって大きく変化した.
- この爆撃は,現代のマントルのコンベクションパターンを開始したのかもしれない.
さらに関連する動画
関連する概念動画
Conditions on Early Earth
Around 4 billion years ago, oceans began to condense on earth while volcanic eruptions released nitrogen, carbon dioxide, methane, ammonia, and hydrogen into the primordial atmosphere. However, organisms with the characteristics of life were not initially present on earth. Scientists have used experimentation to determine how organisms evolved that could grow, reproduce, and maintain an internal environment.
Conditions on Early Earth
Around 4 billion years ago, oceans began to condense on earth while volcanic eruptions released nitrogen, carbon dioxide, methane, ammonia, and hydrogen into the primordial atmosphere. However, organisms with the characteristics of life were not initially present on earth. Scientists have used experimentation to determine how organisms evolved that could grow, reproduce, and maintain an internal environment.
Nuclear Transmutation
Nuclear transmutation is the conversion of one nuclide into another. It can occur by the radioactive decay of a nucleus, or the reaction of a nucleus with another particle. The first manmade nucleus was produced in Ernest Rutherford’s laboratory in 1919 by a transmutation reaction, the bombardment of one type of nuclei with other nuclei or with neutrons. Rutherford bombarded nitrogen-14 atoms with high-speed α particles from a natural radioactive isotope of radium and observed protons being...
Nuclear Stability
Protons and neutrons, collectively called nucleons, are packed together tightly in a nucleus. With a radius of about 10−15 meters, a nucleus is quite small compared to the radius of the entire atom, which is about 10−10 meters. Nuclei are extremely dense compared to bulk matter, averaging 1.8 × 1014 grams per cubic centimeter. If the earth’s density were equal to the average nuclear density, the earth’s radius would be only about 200 meters.
To hold positively charged protons together in the...
To hold positively charged protons together in the...
Radioactive Decay and Radiometric Dating
Radioactivity is a spontaneous disintegration of an unstable nuclide and is a random process, as all the nuclei in the sample do not decay simultaneously. The number of disintegrations per unit time is called the activity (A), which is directly proportional to the number of nuclei in the sample. The decay constant (λ) is an average probability of decay per nucleus in unit time.
Nuclear Fission
Many heavier elements with smaller binding energies per nucleon can decompose into more stable elements that have intermediate mass numbers and larger binding energies per nucleon—that is, mass numbers and binding energies per nucleon that are closer to the “peak” of the binding energy graph near 56. Sometimes neutrons are also produced. This decomposition of a large nucleus into smaller pieces is called fission. The breaking is rather random with the formation of a large number of different...


