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関連する概念動画

Muscles of the Pelvic Floor and Perineum01:26

Muscles of the Pelvic Floor and Perineum

The muscles of the pelvic floor and perineum are crucial for supporting the pelvic organs, controlling continence, and aiding in sexual function, childbirth, and core stability. They are typically divided into the superficial perineal layer and the deep pelvic floor layer.
Perineal Layer
The perineum is a diamond-shaped area below the pelvic diaphragm, divided into an anterior urogenital triangle that contains the external genitals and a posterior anal triangle housing the anus. The urogenital...
Bones of the Lower Limb: Tibia and Fibula01:10

Bones of the Lower Limb: Tibia and Fibula

The tibia is the main weight-bearing bone of the lower leg. It is larger than the fibula with which it is paired. The tibia is also the second longest bone in the body and is located right below the skin. The proximal end of the tibia forms the medial and the lateral condyle, which articulates with the condyles of the femur to form the knee joint. Between the articulating surfaces is the irregular elevated area known as the intercondylar eminence that serves as the inferior attachment point for...
Bones of the Lower Limb: Femur and Patella01:16

Bones of the Lower Limb: Femur and Patella

The femur is the body's longest and strongest bone spanning the thigh region. Its head articulates with the acetabulum of the hip bone to form the hip joint. A minor indentation on the medial side of the femoral head, called the fovea capitis, serves as the site of attachment for the ligament of the head of the femur. This weak ligament spans the femur and acetabulum and supports the hip joint. The narrowed region below the head is the neck of the femur. The inclination angle between the neck...
Cranial Bones: Lateral View01:27

Cranial Bones: Lateral View

The lateral view of the cranium is dominated by temporal, sphenoid, and ethmoid bones.
The temporal bone forms the lower lateral side of the skull. The temporal bone is subdivided into several regions. The flattened upper portion is the squamous portion of the temporal bone. Below this area and projecting anteriorly is the zygomatic process of the temporal bone, which forms the posterior portion of the zygomatic arch. Posteriorly is the mastoid portion of the temporal bone. Projecting...
Overview of the Axial Skeleton01:09

Overview of the Axial Skeleton

The skeleton is subdivided into two major divisions—the axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton. The axial skeleton forms the vertical, central axis of the body. It includes all of the bones of the head, neck, chest, and back. It protects the brain, spinal cord, heart, and lungs. It also serves as the attachment site for muscles that move the head, neck, and back and for muscles that act across the shoulder and hip joints to move their corresponding limbs.
The axial skeleton of the adult...
Bones of the Upper Limb: Humerus01:19

Bones of the Upper Limb: Humerus

The upper limb consists of the arm, forearm, wrist, and hand bones. The humerus is the single bone of the upper arm region. Proximally, it has a large, spherical, smooth head that articulates with the glenoid cavity of the scapula to form the glenohumeral or shoulder joint. The margin of the head is the anatomical neck, a residual epiphyseal plate. Laterally it extends to form bony projections called the greater tubercle and the lesser tubercle. Next to the tubercles is the surgical neck, a...

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アウストラロピテクス・セディバ (Australopithecus sediba) の骨盤の一部が写っている.

Job M Kibii1, Steven E Churchill, Peter Schmid

  • 1Institute for Human Evolution, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, Wits 2050, South Africa.

Science (New York, N.Y.)
|September 10, 2011
PubMed
まとめ

アウストラロピテクス・セディバの骨盤の化石は,オストラロピスとホモの特徴の混合を示しており,初期のホミニンにおける進化的シフトを示しています. 骨盤の解剖学におけるこれらの変化は,より大きな脳を持つ子孫の誕生によって引き起こされたのではありません.

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科学分野:

  • 古人類学は,古人類学である.
  • 人間の進化 人類の進化
  • 骨格生物学 骨格生物学とは

背景:

  • ホミニン骨盤は,運動と分娩における進化的変化を理解するために極めて重要です.
  • アウストラロピテクス・セディバ (Australopithecus sediba) の化石は,アウストラロピテクスと初期のホモとの間の移行についての洞察を提供します.

研究 の 目的:

  • 2匹のアウストラロピテクス・セディバ (Australopithecus sediba) の個体の部分骨盤を再構成し,分析する.
  • アウストラロピスとホモとの共通と派生した特徴を特定する.
  • 骨盤の進化と初期のホミニンにおける脳サイズとの関係を調査する.

主な方法:

  • 部分骨盤の再構築は,以前に報告されたものと新しい化石素材から.
  • 骨盤の特徴の比較解剖学的分析. 骨盤の特徴を比較した解剖学的分析.
  • イリアックブレード,パビックラミ,イシアの形態学的評価.

主要な成果:

  • 再構築された骨盤は,オストラロピスのような特徴 (大きなビアセタブラー直径,小さな関節,長い陰茎) とホモのような特徴 (垂直に指向した下腹骨の刃,堅固な下腹骨の体,縮小したイスキア,上向きの陰茎) のモザイクを示しています.
  • ホモ属と典型的に関連付けられた派生特徴は,オストラロピテクス・セディバにも存在する.
  • これらの骨盤の適応は,小さな大人の脳サイズの種で発生しました.

結論:

  • アウストラロピテクス・セディバの骨盤の形態は,重要な進化のモザイクを表しています.
  • これらの骨盤の特徴の進化は,より大きな脳を持つ子孫を育てる必要から生じたものではない.
  • この発見は,骨盤の進化を主に,初期のヒトの進化における脳の大きさの増加と結びつける以前の仮説に異議を唱えている.