: MESSENGER,

David T Blewett1, Nancy L Chabot, Brett W Denevi

  • 1The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA. david.blewett@jhuapl.edu

Science (New York, N.Y.)
|October 1, 2011
PubMed
まとめ

水星上の明るい穴は,水星の明るい穴である.

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What are Second Messengers?

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Many receptor binding ligands are hydrophilic; they do not cross the cell membrane but bind to cell-surface receptors. Thus, their message must be relayed by second messengers present in the cell cytoplasm. There are several second messenger pathways, each with its own way of relaying information. For example, the G protein-coupled receptors can activate both phosphoinositol and cyclic AMP (cAMP) second messenger pathways. The phosphoinositol pathway is active when the receptor induces...
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Secondary Messengers in Hormone Action

Water-soluble hormones cannot cross the plasma membrane, so they rely on protein receptors that span the membrane to trigger intracellular signaling pathways. These pathways then activate second messengers inside the cell, including cAMP or calcium ions.
Many hormones bind to transmembrane G protein-coupled receptors that connect to regulatory G proteins. These G proteins can then activate enzymes such as adenylyl cyclase or phospholipase C. Adenylyl cyclase converts ATP to cAMP, activating...
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