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Cell Size01:22

Cell Size

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Cell sizes vary widely among and within organisms. Bacterial cells range between 1-10 micrometers (μm)and are considerably smaller than most eukaryotic cells. The smallest bacteria are 0.1 μm in diameter—about a thousand times smaller than eukaryotic cells, which typically range from 10-100 μm.
Surface Area
Cells can take in nutrients and water via diffusion through the plasma membrane itself or through specific channels in the membrane. The area of the membrane surrounding...
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Most organisms use photoreceptors to sense and respond to light. Examples of photoreceptors include bacteriorhodopsins and bacteriophytochromes in some bacteria, phytochromes in plants, and rhodopsins in the photoreceptor cells of the vertebral retina. The light-sensitive property of these receptors is because of the bound chromophores, such as bilin in the phytochromes and retinal in the rhodopsins.
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GPCRs are primarily responsible for our sense of smell, taste, and vision.  The binding of a sensory stimulus activates GPCR to stimulate effector proteins, many of which are ion channels in the sensory organs. GPCRs modulate the opening and closing of the target ion channels either directly by binding them, or by releasing second messengers that activate these channels. As ions move across the membrane, the membrane potential is altered, which induces an appropriate response.
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The extracellular matrix or ECM holds cells together to form a tissue and allows the cells within the tissue to communicate. ECM comprises proteins such as fibronectin, collagen, laminin, etc. The most abundant protein in this space is collagen. Collagen fibers are interwoven with carbohydrate-containing protein molecules called proteoglycans. ECM allows cell migration and provides a structural scaffold at cell adhesion that anchors the cell when the extracellular matrix proteins interact with...
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Unit Cells01:18

Unit Cells

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A crystal's internal structure is an orderly array of atoms, ions, or molecules, and the details of this array significantly influence the solid's properties. In a crystal, periodically repeating 'structural motifs' - which could be atoms, molecules, or groups thereof - create a 'space lattice.' This is essentially a three-dimensional, infinite array of points, each surrounded by its neighbors in an identical way, forming the basic structure of the crystal.A 'unit cell' is a theoretical...
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Analyzing the Size, Shape, and Directionality of Networks of Coupled Astrocytes
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格子細胞はHCN1チャネルを使用して空間的なスケーリングを行います.

Lisa M Giocomo1, Syed A Hussaini, Fan Zheng

  • 1Kavli Institute for Systems Neuroscience and Centre for the Biology of Memory, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7030 Trondheim, Norway. lisa.m.giocomo@ntnu.no

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|November 22, 2011
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まとめ

ハイパーポラライゼーションで活性化されたカチオン電流 (Ih) は,空間ナビゲーションに影響を与えます. HCN1チャネルを遮断すると,グリッド細胞の距離が広がり,Ihが動きを空間的な発射場に変換するのに不可欠であることを示唆しました.

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関連する実験動画

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科学分野:

  • 神経科学は神経科学である.
  • 計算神経科学とは
  • 細胞神経科学は細胞神経科学である.

背景:

  • 腸内網細胞は,中部腸内皮質の背中側軸に沿ってスケールする六角形の発射パターンを示す.
  • このスケーリングは,ハイパーポラライゼーション・アクティベート・サイクリック・ヌクレオチド・ゲート (HCN) チャンネルによって媒介されるハイパーポラライゼーション・アクティベート・カチオン・ストリーム (Ih) によって影響される細胞特性と相関する.

研究 の 目的:

  • グリッドセル発火スケールの決定におけるIHの役割を調査する.
  • Ihがグリッドスケールに直接影響するという仮説を検証するために.

主な方法:

  • マウスの前頭脳特異的なHCN1のノックアウト.
  • グリッドセル活動とセータ調節の記録.
  • 格子フィールドのサイズ,間隔,テータ調節周期性の分析.

主要な成果:

  • 網格パターンの背中-腹部グラデーションは,HCN1ノックアウトマウスで維持されました.
  • グリッドフィールドのサイズ,間隔,テータ調節期は,すべてのレベルにわたって拡張されました.
  • エントロリン内ニューロンのセータ調節は変化しませんでした.

結論:

  • ハイパーポラライゼーションで活性化されたカチオン電流 (Ih) はグリッドスケールの重要な決定因子です.
  • Ihは,自己運動信号を航海のための空間的な発射フィールドに変換するのに貢献する可能性があります.