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Solubility03:00

Solubility

Solution, Solubility, and Solubility Equilibrium
A solution is a homogeneous mixture composed of a solvent, the major component, and a solute, the minor component. The physical state of a solution—solid, liquid, or gas—is typically the same as that of the solvent. Solute concentrations are often described with qualitative terms such as dilute (of relatively low concentration) and concentrated (of relatively high concentration).
In a solution, the solute particles (molecules, atoms, and/or ions)...
Recrystallization: Solid–Solution Equilibria01:10

Recrystallization: Solid–Solution Equilibria

Recrystallization is a purification technique used to separate impurities from solid compounds. In this technique, no chemical reactions occur. Instead, it exploits physical properties only, specifically, the solubility differences between the desired compound and impurities, either at a single temperature or at different temperatures, and under other selected conditions. The solid-solution equilibrium (solubility equilibrium) of each component in the solution represents a binary phase...
Factors Affecting Dissolution: Polymorphism, Amorphism and Pseudopolymorphism01:21

Factors Affecting Dissolution: Polymorphism, Amorphism and Pseudopolymorphism

Polymorphism refers to the existence of a drug substance in multiple crystalline forms, known as polymorphs. Recently, this term has been expanded to include solvates (forms containing a solvent), amorphous forms (non-crystalline forms), and desolvated solvates (forms from which the solvent has been removed).
Some polymorphic crystals possess lower aqueous solubility than their amorphous counterparts, leading to incomplete absorption. For instance, the oral suspension of Chloramphenicol, which...
Solubility Equilibria: Overview01:09

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When a substance such as sodium chloride is added to water, it dissolves, forming an aqueous solution. The extent of dissolution is called solubility. The process of dissolution can exist in equilibrium, just like other chemical processes. Solubility equilibria are also called precipitation equilibria because the process of solubility can be reversible. The reverse of the solubility process is called precipitation.
Solubility is important in biological and environmental processes. A notable...
Enthalpy of Solution02:39

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There are two criteria that favor, but do not guarantee, the spontaneous formation of a solution:
Energetics of Solution Formation02:35

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The formation of a solution is an example of a spontaneous process, which is a process that occurs under specified conditions without energy from some external source.
When the strengths of the intermolecular forces of attraction between solute and solvent species in a solution are no different than those present in the separated components, the solution is formed with no accompanying energy change. Formation of the solution requires the solute–solute and solvent–solvent electrostatic forces to...

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熱反応性ポリマー溶解性の変化に起因する溶液pHの可逆的な変化.

Yanfei Yang1, Alexander J Mijalis, Hui Fu

  • 1Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77842-3012, USA.

Journal of the American Chemical Society
|April 12, 2012
PubMed
まとめ

低臨界溶液温度 (LCST) 特性を持つポリマーは溶液pHを変化させることができます. このpHの変化は,ポリマーのアンフォテリックペンダント群が相変化時に水分化の変化と相互作用するときに,逆転的に発生します.

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科学分野:

  • ポリマー化学のポリマー化学について
  • 物理化学 物理化学
  • 溶液化学について

背景:

  • 低臨界溶液温度 (LCST) のポリマーは,温度が上昇すると,溶性から不溶性への相変化を示します.
  • 炭酸塩またはアンモニアム塩などのポリマー上のアンフォテリックペンダントグループは,LCST誘発の相分離の間に変化した溶解環境を経験します.
  • 溶解の変化は,これらのアンフォテリック群の酸性または塩基性に大きな影響を与えます.

研究 の 目的:

  • ポリマーの下臨界溶液温度 (LCST) 現象によって誘発される溶液pHの可逆的な変化を調査する.
  • 段階移行中のポリマー行動に対するアンフォテリックペンダントグループの影響を調査する.
  • ポリマーLCSTイベントを通して,散発溶液のpHを制御する可能性を実証する.

主な方法:

  • ペンダントアンフォテリックグループ (炭酸塩,アンモニアム塩) と低臨界溶液温度 (LCST) 特性を持つポリマーを使用する.
  • ペンダント群のpK (((a)) 近くのpHを持つ溶液にポリマーを溶解する.
  • LCSTイベント中の温度に応じて溶液のpHの変化をモニタリングします.
  • 共通の指標と直接的なpH測定を用いてpHの変化を観察する.
  • LCSTによって引き起こされるpHの変化に対するコスモトロピク塩の影響を調査.

主要な成果:

  • LCSTによって誘発されたポリマー沈殿は,アンフォテリックペンダント群の酸性/塩基性における有意かつ可逆的な変化をもたらします.
  • 炭酸塩は陽子を捕らえ,炭酸酸を形成し,アンモニアム塩は陽子を放出し,相分離時に中性アミンを形成する.
  • 十分なコモノマー負荷を持つポリマーは,そのLCSTの近くにある大量溶液のpHを変化させることができます.
  • リバーシブルなpHシフトは,インジケーターで視覚的に確認され,pHモニタリングで定量的に測定されました.
  • コスモトロプ塩の添加はまた,LCSTイベントに関連した可逆的な溶液pH変化を引き起こします.

結論:

  • ポリマーLCSTイベントに伴う水分化の変化は,ペンダントアンフォテリックグループの酸性/塩基性を調節するために活用することができます.
  • この現象により,ポリマーの構造と環境条件を調節することにより,散発溶液のpHを可逆的に制御することができます.
  • この研究は,刺激反応性ポリマーを用いたpH操作のための新しい方法を示しています.