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Preparation of Alkynes: Alkylation Reaction02:27

Preparation of Alkynes: Alkylation Reaction

Introduction
Alkylation of terminal alkynes with primary alkyl halides in the presence of a strong base like sodium amide is one of the common methods for the synthesis of longer carbon-chain alkynes. For example, treatment of 1-propyne with sodium amide followed by reaction with ethyl bromide yields 2-pentyne.
Reduction of Alkynes to cis-Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation02:24

Reduction of Alkynes to cis-Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation

Introduction
Like alkenes, alkynes can be reduced to alkanes in the presence of transition metal catalysts such as Pt, Pd, or Ni. The reaction involves two sequential syn additions of hydrogen via a cis-alkene intermediate.
Alkynes to Aldehydes and Ketones: Hydroboration-Oxidation02:47

Alkynes to Aldehydes and Ketones: Hydroboration-Oxidation

Introduction
One of the convenient methods for the preparation of aldehydes and ketones is via hydration of alkynes. Hydroboration-oxidation of alkynes is an indirect hydration reaction in which an alkyne is treated with borane followed by oxidation with alkaline peroxide to form an enol that rapidly converts into an aldehyde or a ketone. Terminal alkynes form aldehydes, whereas internal alkynes give ketones as the final product.
Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution of Aryldiazonium Salts: Aromatic SN101:14

Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution of Aryldiazonium Salts: Aromatic SN1

Treating arylamines with nitrous acid gives aryldiazonium salts that are effective substrates in nucleophilic aromatic substitution reactions. The diazonio group in these salts can be easily displaced by different nucleophiles, yielding a wide variety of substituted benzenes. The leaving group departs as nitrogen gas, and this easy elimination is the driving force for the substitution reaction.
In the Sandmeyer reaction, for example, the diazonio group is replaced by a chloro, bromo, or cyano...
Preparation of 1° Amines: Gabriel Synthesis01:28

Preparation of 1° Amines: Gabriel Synthesis

Direct alkylation is not a suitable method for synthesizing amines because it produces polyalkylated products. Gabriel synthesis is the most preferred method to exclusively make primary amines. The method uses phthalimide, which contains a protected form of nitrogen that participates in alkylation only once to predominantly give primary amines.
Strong bases like NaOH or KOH deprotonate the phthalimide to form the corresponding anion, which acts as a nucleophile. Further, the anion attacks an...
Preparation of Amines: Alkylation of Ammonia and Amines01:30

Preparation of Amines: Alkylation of Ammonia and Amines

Alkylation is one of the methods used to prepare amines. Direct alkylation of ammonia or a primary amine with an alkyl halide gives polyalkylated amines along with a quaternary ammonium salt through successive SN2 reactions. This process of making the quaternary salt through the direct alkylation method is called exhaustive alkylation.
Each alkylation step makes the nitrogen center more nucleophilic, which triggers successive alkylations until a quaternary ammonium salt is formed. Considering...

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関連する実験動画

Updated: May 18, 2026

A Microwave-Assisted Direct Heteroarylation of Ketones Using Transition Metal Catalysis
07:06

A Microwave-Assisted Direct Heteroarylation of Ketones Using Transition Metal Catalysis

Published on: February 16, 2020

金で触媒化された直接アリレーション.

Liam T Ball1, Guy C Lloyd-Jones, Christopher A Russell

  • 1School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol, UK.

Science (New York, N.Y.)
|September 29, 2012
PubMed
まとめ
この要約は機械生成です。

新しい黄金触媒反応により,アレンとアリルシランから直接ビアリル合成が可能です. この方法は,伝統的なクロスカップリングのより穏やかで,より汎用的な代替案を提供し,貴重な有機化合物の生成を簡素化します.

さらに関連する動画

Facile Preparation of (2Z,4E)-Dienamides by the Olefination of Electron-deficient Alkenes with Allyl Acetate
06:46

Facile Preparation of (2Z,4E)-Dienamides by the Olefination of Electron-deficient Alkenes with Allyl Acetate

Published on: June 21, 2017

Achieving Moderate Pressures in Sealed Vessels Using Dry Ice As a Solid CO2 Source
06:26

Achieving Moderate Pressures in Sealed Vessels Using Dry Ice As a Solid CO2 Source

Published on: August 17, 2018

関連する実験動画

Last Updated: May 18, 2026

A Microwave-Assisted Direct Heteroarylation of Ketones Using Transition Metal Catalysis
07:06

A Microwave-Assisted Direct Heteroarylation of Ketones Using Transition Metal Catalysis

Published on: February 16, 2020

Facile Preparation of (2Z,4E)-Dienamides by the Olefination of Electron-deficient Alkenes with Allyl Acetate
06:46

Facile Preparation of (2Z,4E)-Dienamides by the Olefination of Electron-deficient Alkenes with Allyl Acetate

Published on: June 21, 2017

Achieving Moderate Pressures in Sealed Vessels Using Dry Ice As a Solid CO2 Source
06:26

Achieving Moderate Pressures in Sealed Vessels Using Dry Ice As a Solid CO2 Source

Published on: August 17, 2018

科学分野:

  • 有機化学 オーガニック・ケミストリー
  • カタリシス カタリシス カタリシス
  • 合成方法論 合成方法論

背景:

  • ビアリルは,医薬品,農薬,材料科学における重要な構造単位である.
  • 伝統的な合成は,アリルハリドと有機金属反応剤を含むクロスカップリング反応に大きく依存しています.

研究 の 目的:

  • ビアリル結合形成のための新しい,効率的でサイト選択的な方法を開発する.
  • 既存のクロスカップリング方法の代替手段を提供するため,特に繊細な機能群を持つ基板のために.

主な方法:

  • 金触媒 (1-2モル%) と軽度の酸化剤を用いた.
  • アレン (Ar(1) -H) とアリシラン (Ar(2) -SiMe(3) を結合パートナーとして使用しています.
  • 温和な室温条件下で反応を実行する.

主要な成果:

  • アリルシランによってアレンをサイト選択的にアリレーションし,ビアリル (Ar(1) -Ar(2) を形成した.
  • 望ましくないホモカップリングの副産物を最小限に抑える (Ar(1) -Ar(1) /Ar(2) -Ar(2)).
  • クロスカップリングと互換性のないグループを含む,広範な機能群の許容性が実証されています.

結論:

  • 開発された黄金触媒反応は,ビアリルへの簡単で効率的な経路を提供します.
  • この方法論は,複雑な有機分子を構築するための合成ツールキットを拡張します.
  • このプロセスは,非ステロイド性抗炎症薬であるディフルニサルの合成によって示されています.