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Nuclear Transmutation03:20

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Nuclear transmutation is the conversion of one nuclide into another. It can occur by the radioactive decay of a nucleus, or the reaction of a nucleus with another particle. The first manmade nucleus was produced in Ernest Rutherford’s laboratory in 1919 by a transmutation reaction, the bombardment of one type of nuclei with other nuclei or with neutrons. Rutherford bombarded nitrogen-14 atoms with high-speed α particles from a natural radioactive isotope of radium and observed...
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The molecular ion peak of a molecule in the mass spectrum provides vital information for molecular identification. However, conventional electron impact ionization can lead to the rapid dissociation of some molecular ions before they reach the detector. A milder ionization method is required to increase the lifetime of such ionized analyte molecules. Chemical ionization (CI) is a gas-phase protonation reaction useful for mass-analyzing analyte molecules that are easily protonated to yield the...
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Interference leads to systematic error in atomic absorption (AA) measurements by enhancing or diminishing the analytical signal or the background. These interferences can be grouped into three main categories: spectral interference, chemical interference, and physical interference.
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In atomic emission spectroscopy (AES), high-temperature atomizers excite a broad range of elements and molecules that generate complex emissions from sources such as oxides, hydroxides, and flame combustion products in the flame or plasma. Several strategies can be employed to minimize spectral interferences caused by overlapping emission lines or bands. These include increasing instrument resolution, choosing alternative emission lines, optimally placing the detector in low-background regions,...
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Experimental Methods of Dust Charging and Mobilization on Surfaces with Exposure to Ultraviolet Radiation or Plasmas
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中国の上空で窒素の堆積が強化された.

Xuejun Liu1, Ying Zhang, Wenxuan Han

  • 1College of Resources & Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.

Nature
|February 22, 2013
PubMed
まとめ

中国 中国 中国 中国 中国.

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科学分野:

  • 環境科学 環境科学
  • 大気化学 大気化学
  • エコロジー エコロジー エコロジー

背景:

  • 中国は,反応性窒素排出による深刻な大気汚染に直面しています.
  • 窒素の堆積は,生態系,人間の健康,そして気候に影響を及ぼします.
  • 中国の窒素堆積に関するデータはほとんどありません.

研究 の 目的:

  • 1980年から2010年までの中国における窒素堆積の動態と生態系への影響を評価する.
  • 大量の窒素堆積とその形態の動向を分析する.
  • 植物と作物の窒素吸収に対する窒素堆積の影響を評価する.

主な方法:

  • 大量の窒素堆積に関する全国的なデータセットを使用した.
  • 分析された植物葉の窒素濃度.
  • 未受精の土壌から作物の窒素吸収を調査した.

主要な成果:

  • 年間平均の大量窒素堆積量は,1980年代から2000年代にかけて,13.2kg N/haから21.1kg N/haに大幅に増加した.
  • 産業・農業地域における窒素堆積率は,緩和前ヨーロッパで観測されたピークレベルに匹敵する.
  • 植物葉の窒素と作物の窒素吸収の増加が観察され,生態系への影響を示唆しました.

結論:

  • 中国の窒素の排出と堆積は,環境と健康に重大な課題をもたらしています.
  • 反応性窒素の排出量を削減することは,負の影響を軽減するために非常に重要です.
  • 継続的なモニタリングと排出量管理戦略が必要である.