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Viral Mutations00:36

Viral Mutations

A mutation is a change in the sequence of bases of DNA or RNA in a genome. Some mutations occur during replication of the genome due to errors made by the polymerase enzymes that replicate DNA or RNA. Unlike DNA polymerase, RNA polymerase is prone to errors because it is not capable of “proofreading” its work. Viruses with RNA-based genomes, like HIV, therefore accrue mutations faster than viruses with DNA-based genomes. Because mutation and recombination provide the raw material for adaptive...
Gene Duplication and Divergence02:37

Gene Duplication and Divergence

The seminal work of Ohno in 1970 popularized the idea of gene duplication and divergence. DNA sequence comparison studies reveal that a large portion of the genes in bacteria, archaebacteria, and eukaryotes was  generated by gene duplication and divergence, indicating its critical role in evolution.
The duplicated copies of the gene are called Paralogs. Paralogs with similar sequences and functions form a gene family. Across several species, a large number of gene families are characterized.
Genome Copying Errors02:46

Genome Copying Errors

DNA replication is a well-evolved process that copies millions of base pairs with high fidelity during each cell division. Occasionally a wrong base or a long stretch of wrong bases may get added to the daughter strands. If the errors are left unchecked, cells might accumulate several mutations that might endanger their  survival. Therefore, the copying errors are checked and repaired at three levels.
Gene Evolution - Fast or Slow?02:05

Gene Evolution - Fast or Slow?

The genomes of eukaryotes are punctuated by long stretches of sequence which do not code for proteins or RNAs. Although some of these regions do contain crucial regulatory sequences, the vast majority of this DNA serves no known function. Typically, these regions of the genome are the ones in which the fastest change, in evolutionary terms, is observed, because there is typically little to no selection pressure acting on these regions to preserve their sequences.
In contrast, regions which code...
Gene Evolution - Fast or Slow?02:05

Gene Evolution - Fast or Slow?

The genomes of eukaryotes are punctuated by long stretches of sequence which do not code for proteins or RNAs. Although some of these regions do contain crucial regulatory sequences, the vast majority of this DNA serves no known function. Typically, these regions of the genome are the ones in which the fastest change, in evolutionary terms, is observed, because there is typically little to no selection pressure acting on these regions to preserve their sequences.
In contrast, regions which code...
Translesion DNA Polymerases02:10

Translesion DNA Polymerases

Translesion (TLS) polymerases rescue stalled DNA polymerases at sites of damaged bases by replacing the replicative polymerase and installing a nucleotide across the damaged site. Doing so, TLS allows additional time for the cell to repair the damage before resuming regular DNA replication.
TLS polymerases are found in all three domains of life - archaea, bacteria, and eukaryotes. Of the different classes of TLS polymerases, members of the Y family are fitted with specialized structures that...

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関連する実験動画

Updated: May 12, 2026

Direct Restart of a Replication Fork Stalled by a Head-On RNA Polymerase
07:27

Direct Restart of a Replication Fork Stalled by a Head-On RNA Polymerase

Published on: April 29, 2010

複製-転写の対立によって加速された遺伝子進化.

Sandip Paul1, Samuel Million-Weaver, Sujay Chattopadhyay

  • 1Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA.

Nature
|March 30, 2013
PubMed
まとめ
この要約は機械生成です。

バクテリア遺伝子は,特にアミノ酸変化変異において,より高い突然変異率を経験します. この方向性は,レプリケーション-トランスクリプションの衝突を通して,突然変異を増加させることで,より速い適応的進化を促進します.

さらに関連する動画

G2-seq: A High Throughput Sequencing-based Technique for Identifying Late Replicating Regions of the Genome
06:40

G2-seq: A High Throughput Sequencing-based Technique for Identifying Late Replicating Regions of the Genome

Published on: March 22, 2018

関連する実験動画

Last Updated: May 12, 2026

Direct Restart of a Replication Fork Stalled by a Head-On RNA Polymerase
07:27

Direct Restart of a Replication Fork Stalled by a Head-On RNA Polymerase

Published on: April 29, 2010

G2-seq: A High Throughput Sequencing-based Technique for Identifying Late Replicating Regions of the Genome
06:40

G2-seq: A High Throughput Sequencing-based Technique for Identifying Late Replicating Regions of the Genome

Published on: March 22, 2018

科学分野:

  • 遺伝学 遺伝学とは
  • 進化生物学の進化生物学について
  • 分子生物学は分子生物学である.

背景:

  • ゲノム全体の突然変異のメカニズムは知られているが,遺伝子特異的な進化促進は不明である.
  • バクテリアの遺伝子は,複製-転写の衝突を避けるために,典型的にはリードストランドにあります.

研究 の 目的:

  • 細菌の個々の遺伝子において,進化がどのように促進されるかを研究する.
  • リードストランドとレイギングストランドに位置する遺伝子の突然変異率と選択圧力を決定する.

主な方法:

  • バシルス・サブティリスの核遺伝子を特定した.
  • リードストランドとレイグストランドの遺伝子における突然変異率を比較した.
  • 分析された変異型 (同義語対非同義語) と選択圧力.
  • 転写依存型変異遺伝を評価するために,リバーションアッセイを用いた.

主要な成果:

  • バチルス・サブティリスの基因の17%が遅れた鎖に含まれています.
  • 遅れた鎖の遺伝子は,より高い点変異率を示し,主に非同義性である.
  • ポジティブ・セレクションの遺伝子は,後退する鎖 (ヘッド・オン・オリエンテーション) でより一般的です.
  • 遺伝子の長さや発現が増加すると,ヘッドオン遺伝子の突然変異率が高くなります.

結論:

  • ヘッド・オン・レプリケーション・トランスクリプションの衝突は,コディレクションの衝突と比較して,突然変異を増加させる.
  • オリエンテーション依存の複製-転写の遭遇は,適応性タンパク質の多様性を誘発する.
  • バクテリアは,適応的進化の速度を調節するために遺伝子指向を使用する可能性があります.